Summary: Cytochrome b/b6/petB

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Wikipedia: Cytochrome b
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This is the Wikipedia entry entitled "Cytochrome b". More...

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Cytochrome b Edit Wikipedia article

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Mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex

Identifiers

Symbol

Cytochrom_B_N

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

Cytochrome b is a protein found in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. It functions as part of the electron transport chain and is the main subunit of transmembrane cytochrome bc1 and b6f complexes.^[1]^[2]

Function

In the mitochondrion of eukaryotes and in aerobic prokaryotes, cytochrome b is a component of respiratory chain complex III (EC 1.10.2.2) - also known as the bc1 complex or ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase. In plant chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, there is an analogous protein, cytochrome b6, a component of the plastoquinone-plastocyanin reductase (EC 1.10.99.1), also known as the b6f complex. These complexes are involved in electron transport, pumping of protons to the create a PMF. The proton gradient is finally used for the generation of ATP. Concluding, the complexes play a vital part in cells.^[3]

Structure

Cytochrome b/b6^[4]^[5] is an integral membrane protein of approximately 400 amino acid residues that probably has 8 transmembrane segments. In plants and cyanobacteria, cytochrome b6 consists of two subunits encoded by the petB and petD genes. Cytochrome b/b6 non-covalently binds two heme groups, known as b562 and b566. Four conserved histidine residues are postulated to be the ligands of the iron atoms of these two heme groups.

Use in phylogenetics

Cytochrome b is commonly used as a region of mitochondrial DNA for determining phylogenetic relationships between organisms, due to its sequence variability. It is considered to be most useful in determining relationships within families and genera. Comparative studies involving cytochrome b have resulted in new classification schemes and have been used to assign newly described species to a genus as well as to deepen the understanding of evolutionary relationships.^[6]

Clinical significance

Mutations in cytochrome b primarily result in exercise intolerance in human patients; though more rare, severe multi-system pathologies have also been reported.^[7]

Single-point mutations in cytochrome b of Plasmodium falciparum and P. berghei are associated with resistance to the anti-malarial drug atovaquone.^[8]

Human genes

Human genes encoding cytochrome b proteins include:

CYB5A – cytochrome b5 type A (microsomal)
CYB5B – cytochrome b5 type B (outer mitochondrial membrane)
CYBASC3 – cytochrome b, ascorbate dependent 3
MT-CYB – mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b

References

^ Howell N (August 1989). "Evolutionary conservation of protein regions in the proton motive cytochrome b and their possible roles in redox catalysis". J. Mol. Evol. 29 (2): 157–69. doi:10.1007/BF02100114. PMID 2509716.
^ Esposti MD, De Vries S, Crimi M, Ghelli A, Patarnello T, Meyer A (July 1993). "Mitochondrial cytochrome b: evolution and structure of the protein". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1143 (3): 243–71. doi:10.1016/0005-2728(93)90197-N. PMID 8329437.
^ Blankenship, Robert (2009). Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 124–132.
^ Howell N (1989). "Evolutionary conservation of protein regions in the protonmotive cytochrome b and their possible roles in redox catalysis". J. Mol. Evol. 29 (2): 157–169. doi:10.1007/BF02100114. PMID 2509716.
^ Esposti MD, Crimi M, Ghelli A, Patarnello T, Meyer A, De Vries S (1993). "Mitochondrial cytochrome b: evolution and structure of the protein". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1143 (3): 243–271. doi:10.1016/0005-2728(93)90197-N. PMID 8329437.
^ Castresana, J. (2001). "Cytochrome b Phylogeny and the Taxonomy of Great Apes and Mammals". Molecular Biology and Evolution 18 (4): 465–471. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003825. PMID 11264397.
^ Blakely EL, Mitchell AL, Fisher N, Meunier B, Nijtmans LG, Schaefer AM, Jackson MJ, Turnbull DM, Taylor RW (July 2005). "A mitochondrial cytochrome b mutation causing severe respiratory chain enzyme deficiency in humans and yeast". FEBS J. 272 (14): 3583–92. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04779.x. PMID 16008558.
^ Siregar JE, Syafruddin D, Matsuoka H, Kita K, Marzuki S (June 2008). "Mutation underlying resistance of Plasmodium berghei to atovaquone in the quinone binding domain 2 (Qo(2)) of the cytochrome b gene". Parasitology International 57 (2): 229–32. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2007.12.002. PMID 18248769.

External links

Cytochromes b at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Proteins: hemeproteins

Globins

Hemoglobin

Subunits

Alpha locus on 16:	α HBA1 HBA2 ζ HBZ θ HBQ1 μ HBM

Beta locus on 11:	β HBB δ HBD γ HBG1 HBG2 ε HBE1

Tetramers

stages of development:

Embryonic	HbE Gower 1 (ζ₂ε₂) HbE Gower 2 (α₂ε₂) HbE Portland I (ζ₂γ₂) HbE Portland II (ζ₂β₂)

Fetal	HbF/Fetal (α₂γ₂) HbA (α₂β₂)

Adult	HbA (α₂β₂) HbA₂ (α₂δ₂) HbF/Fetal (α₂γ₂)

pathology:

HbH (β₄)
Barts (γ₄)
HbS (α₂β^S₂)
HbC (α₂β^C₂)
HbE (α₂β^E₂)

Compounds

Other human

Nonhuman

Other

human:	Myoglobin Metmyoglobin Neuroglobin Cytoglobin

plant:	Leghemoglobin

Other

Cytochrome
- Cytochrome b
- Cytochrome P450
Hemocyanin
Methemalbumin

This page is based on a Wikipedia article. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.

This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.

Cytochrome b/b6/petB Provide feedback

No Pfam abstract.

Internal database links

SCOOP:	Ni_hydr_CYTB DUF373 DUF973 DUF4079 Cytochrom_B_N_2 DUF4405
Similarity to PfamA using HHSearch:	Cytochrom_B_N_2

External database links

HOMSTRAD:	cytochrome_b
PROSITE:	PDOC00171
SCOP:	3bcc

This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.

InterPro entry IPR016174

This entry represents a haem-binding domain with a 4-helical bundle structure that is found in transmembrane di-haem cytochromes. The domain contains four transmembrane helices in an up-and-down bundle, and binds two haem groups in between the helices; three of the four haem-binding residues is conserved between family members. Proteins containing this domain include:

N-terminal domain of mitochondrial cytochrome b subunit, in which the domain contains an extra transmembrane linker helix that is absent in plant and cyanobacteria subunits [PUBMED:16024040].
Cytochrome b6 subunit of the cytochrome b6f complex, which provides the electronic connection between the photosystems I and II reaction centres of oxygenic photosynthesis, and generates a transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient for adenosine triphosphate synthesis [PUBMED:14526088].
Cytochrome gamma subunit of formate dehydrogenase-N (Fdn-N), which acts as a major component of Escherichia coli nitrate respiration [PUBMED:11884747].

Please note, this entry also identifies a number of proteins that are cleaved into two chains - a truncated non-functional cytochrome oxidase 1 and an intron-encoded endonuclease.

Gene Ontology

The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.

Cellular component	membrane (GO:0016020)
Biological process	respiratory electron transport chain (GO:0022904)

Domain organisation

Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...

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Pfam Clan

This family is a member of clan 2heme_cytochrom (CL0328), which has the following description:

This superfamily includes a variety of different heme binding cytochromes.

The clan contains the following 9 members:

COX15-CtaA Cytochrom_B561 Cytochrom_B_N_2 Cytochrom_C_asm Cytochrome_B DUF2427 DUF4405 Ferric_reduct Ni_hydr_CYTB

Alignments

We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database (reference proteomes) using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the UniProtKB sequence database, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...

There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. We provide several sequence viewers and a plain-text Stockholm-format file for download.

Alignment types

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family:

seed: the curated alignment from which the HMM for the family is built
full: the alignment generated by searching the sequence database using the HMM
RP15/RP35/RP55/RP75: Representative Proteomes (RPs) at 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% co-membership thresholds
UniProt: alignment generated by searching the UniProtKB sequence database using the family HMM
NCBI: alignment generated by searching the NCBI sequence database using the family HMM
meta: alignment generated by searching the metagenomics sequence database using the family HMM

Viewing

You can see the alignments as HTML or in three different sequence viewers:

jalview: a Java applet developed at the University of Dundee. You will need Java installed before running jalview
HTML: an HTML page showing the whole alignment.Please note: full Pfam alignments can be very large. These HTML views are extremely large and often cause problems for browsers. Please use either jalview or the Pfam viewer if you have trouble viewing the HTML version
PP/Heatmap: an HTML-based representation of the alignment, coloured according to the posterior-probability (PP) values from the HMM. As for the standard HTML view, heatmap alignments can also be very large and slow to render.

Reformatting

You can download (or view in your browser) a text representation of a Pfam alignment in various formats:

Selex
Stockholm
FASTA
MSF

You can also change the order in which sequences are listed in the alignment, change how insertions are represented, alter the characters that are used to represent gaps in sequences and, finally, choose whether to download the alignment or to view it in your browser directly.

Downloading

You may find that large alignments cause problems for the viewers and the reformatting tool, so we also provide all alignments in Stockholm format. You can download either the plain text alignment, or a gzipped version of it.

View options

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.

	Seed (8)	Full (1314)	Representative proteomes				UniProt (155777)	NCBI (157927)	Meta (2675)
	Seed (8)	Full (1314)	RP15 (370)	RP35 (1085)	RP55 (1815)	RP75 (2679)	UniProt (155777)	NCBI (157927)	Meta (2675)
Jalview	View	View	View	View	View	View	View	View	View
HTML	View	View
PP/heatmap	₁	View

¹Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available

Key: available, not generated, — not available.

Format an alignment

	Seed (8)	Full (1314)	Representative proteomes				UniProt (155777)	NCBI (157927)	Meta (2675)
	Seed (8)	Full (1314)	RP15 (370)	RP35 (1085)	RP55 (1815)	RP75 (2679)	UniProt (155777)	NCBI (157927)	Meta (2675)
Alignment:
Format:
Order:	Tree Alphabetical
Sequence:	Inserts lower case All upper case
Gaps:
Download/view:	Download View

Download options

We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.

	Seed (8)	Full (1314)	Representative proteomes				UniProt (155777)	NCBI (157927)	Meta (2675)
	Seed (8)	Full (1314)	RP15 (370)	RP35 (1085)	RP55 (1815)	RP75 (2679)	UniProt (155777)	NCBI (157927)	Meta (2675)
Raw Stockholm	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download			Download
Gzipped	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download			Download

You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.

HMM logo

HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...

Trees

This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.

Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.

Curation and family details

This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.

Curation

Seed source:

Prosite

Previous IDs:

cytochrome_b_N; Cytochrom_B_N;

Type:

Domain

Author:

Sonnhammer ELL

Number in seed:

8

Number in full:

1314

Average length of the domain:

179.90 aa

Average identity of full alignment:

42 %

Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:

50.07 %

HMM information

HMM build commands:

build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED

search method: hmmsearch -Z 17690987 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq

Model details:

Parameter	Sequence	Domain
Gathering cut-off	27.2	27.2
Trusted cut-off	28.2	27.8
Noise cut-off	27.1	26.9

Model length:

189

Family (HMM) version:

17

Download:

download the raw HMM for this family

Species distribution

Sunburst
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Colour assignments

Archea	Eukaryota
Bacteria	Other sequences
Viruses	Unclassified
Viroids	Unclassified sequence

Selections

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This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab. More...

This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.

How the sunburst is generated

The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.

In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:

superkingdom
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Colouring and labels

Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.

As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.

Anomalies in the taxonomy tree

There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.

Missing taxonomic levels

Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.

Unmapped species names

The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.

So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".

Sub-species

Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.

Too many species/sequences

For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.

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Tree controls

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The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...

Species trees

We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.

Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.

If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.

Interactive tree

For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.

We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.

Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.

We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.

You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:

show/hide the summary boxes
highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
save a plain text representation of the tree

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Interactions

There are 3 interactions for this family. More...

Form-deh_trans Fer4_9 Fer4_11

Structures

For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the Cytochrome_B domain has been found. There are 111 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein seqence.

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Family: Cytochrome_B (PF00033)

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