Summary: Lipase
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Pancreatic lipase family Edit Wikipedia article
Complex of human pancreatic lipase with colipase
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| Identifiers | |||||||||
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| Symbol | Lipase | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF00151 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR013818 | ||||||||
| PROSITE | PDOC00110 | ||||||||
| SCOP | 1lpa | ||||||||
| SUPERFAMILY | 1lpa | ||||||||
| OPM protein | 1lpa | ||||||||
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Triglyceride lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) are a family of lipolytic enzymes that hydrolyse ester linkages of triglycerides.[1] Lipases are widely distributed in animals, plants and prokaryotes.
At least three tissue-specific isozymes exist in higher vertebrates, pancreatic, hepatic and gastric/lingual. These lipases are closely related to each other and to lipoprotein lipase (EC 3.1.1.34), which hydrolyses triglycerides of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL).[2]
The most conserved region in all these proteins is centred on a serine residue which has been shown[3] to participate, with an histidine and an aspartic acid residue, in a charge relay system. Such a region is also present in lipases of prokaryotic origin and in lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43) (LCAT),[4] which catalyzes fatty acid transfer between phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol.
Contents
Human pancreatic lipase
Pancreatic lipase, also known as pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase or steapsin, is an enzyme secreted from the pancreas. As the primary lipase enzyme that hydrolyzes (breaks down) dietary fat molecules in the human digestive system, it is one of the main digestive enzymes, converting triglyceride substrates found in ingested oils to monoglycerides and free fatty acids.
- Triacylglycerol + 2 H2O ⇌ 2-monoacylglycerol + 2 fatty acid anions
Bile salts secreted from the liver and stored in gallbladder are released into the duodenum, where they coat and emulsify large fat droplets into smaller droplets, thus increasing the overall surface area of the fat, which allows the lipase to break apart the fat more effectively. The resulting monomers (2 free fatty acids and one 2-monoacylglycerol) are then moved by way of peristalsis along the small intestine to be absorbed into the lymphatic system by a specialized vessel called a lacteal. This protein belongs to the pancreatic lipase family.
Unlike some pancreatic enzymes that are activated by proteolytic cleavage (e.g., trypsinogen), pancreatic lipase is secreted in its final form. However, it becomes efficient only in the presence of colipase in the duodenum.
In humans, pancreatic lipase is encoded by the PNLIP gene.[5][6]
Human proteins containing this domain
Diagnostic importance
Pancreatic lipase is secreted into the duodenum through the duct system of the pancreas. Its concentration in serum is normally very low. Under extreme disruption of pancreatic function, such as pancreatitis or pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the pancreas may begin to autolyse and release pancreatic enzymes including pancreatic lipase into serum. Thus, through measurement of serum concentration of pancreatic lipase, acute pancreatitis can be diagnosed.[7]
Inhibitors
One peptide selected by phage display was found to inhibit pancreatic lipase.[8] Lipase inhibitors have a role to be used as a remedy for obesity. A common example is Orlistat. However, it suffers from many adverse effects. There is thus a need to find out safer alternatives. Plant-based lipase inhibitors hold great hope to fulfill the need [1].
See also
References
- ^ Chapus C, Rovery M, Sarda L, Verger R (1988). "Minireview on pancreatic lipase and colipase". Biochimie. 70 (9): 1223–1234. doi:10.1016/0300-9084(88)90188-5. PMID 3147715.
- ^ Persson B, Bengtsson-Olivecrona G, Enerback S, Olivecrona T, Jornvall H (1989). "Structural features of lipoprotein lipase. Lipase family relationships, binding interactions, non-equivalence of lipase cofactors, vitellogenin similarities and functional subdivision of lipoprotein lipase". Eur. J. Biochem. 179 (1): 39–45. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14518.x. PMID 2917565.
- ^ Blow D (1990). "Enzymology. More of the catalytic triad". Nature. 343 (6260): 694–695. doi:10.1038/343694a0. PMID 2304545.
- ^ McLean J, Fielding C, Drayna D, Dieplinger H, Baer B, Kohr W, Henzel W, Lawn R (1986). "Cloning and expression of human lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase cDNA". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (8): 2335–2339. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.8.2335. PMC 323291
. PMID 3458198. - ^ Davis RC, Diep A, Hunziker W, Klisak I, Mohandas T, Schotz MC, Sparkes RS, Lusis AJ (December 1991). "Assignment of human pancreatic lipase gene (PNLIP) to chromosome 10q24-q26". Genomics. 11 (4): 1164–6. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90048-J. PMID 1783385.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: pancreatic lipase".
- ^ Koop H (September 1984). "Serum levels of pancreatic enzymes and their clinical significance". Clin Gastroenterol. 13 (3): 739–61. PMID 6207965.
- ^ Lunder, M., Bratkovič, T., Kreft, S., Štrukelj, B. (2005). Peptide inhibitor of pancreatic lipase selected by phage display using different elution strategies. Journal of Lipid Research, 46:1512-1516 http://www.jlr.org/content/46/7/1512.long
Further reading
- Roussel A, Yang Y, Ferrato F, Verger R, Cambillau C, Lowe M (November 1998). "Structure and activity of rat pancreatic lipase-related protein 2". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (48): 32121–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.48.32121. PMID 9822688.
- Crandall WV, Lowe ME (2001). "Colipase residues Glu64 and Arg65 are essential for normal lipase-mediated fat digestion in the presence of bile salt micelles". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (16): 12505–12. doi:10.1074/jbc.M009986200. PMID 11278590.
- Freie AB, Ferrato F, Carrière F, Lowe ME (2006). "Val-407 and Ile-408 in the beta5'-loop of pancreatic lipase mediate lipase-colipase interactions in the presence of bile salt micelles". J. Biol. Chem. 281 (12): 7793–800. doi:10.1074/jbc.M512984200. PMC 3695395 . PMID 16431912.
- Hegele RA, Ramdath DD, Ban MR, Carruthers MN, Carrington CV, Cao H (2001). "Polymorphisms in PNLIP, encoding pancreatic lipase, and associations with metabolic traits". J. Hum. Genet. 46 (6): 320–4. doi:10.1007/s100380170066. PMID 11393534.
- Chahinian H, Sias B, Carrière F (2000). "The C-terminal domain of pancreatic lipase: functional and structural analogies with c2 domains". Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 1 (1): 91–103. PMID 12369922.
- Ranaldi S, Belle V, Woudstra M, Rodriguez J, Guigliarelli B, Sturgis J, Carriere F, Fournel A (2009). "Lid opening and unfolding in human pancreatic lipase at low pH revealed by site-directed spin labeling EPR and FTIR spectroscopy". Biochemistry. 48 (3): 630–8. doi:10.1021/bi801250s. PMID 19113953.
- Grupe A, Li Y, Rowland C, Nowotny P, Hinrichs AL, Smemo S, Kauwe JS, Maxwell TJ, Cherny S, Doil L, Tacey K, van Luchene R, Myers A, Wavrant-De Vrièze F, Kaleem M, Hollingworth P, Jehu L, Foy C, Archer N, Hamilton G, Holmans P, Morris CM, Catanese J, Sninsky J, White TJ, Powell J, Hardy J, O'Donovan M, Lovestone S, Jones L, Morris JC, Thal L, Owen M, Williams J, Goate A (2006). "A scan of chromosome 10 identifies a novel locus showing strong association with late-onset Alzheimer disease". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (1): 78–88. doi:10.1086/498851. PMC 1380225 . PMID 16385451.
- Thomas A, Allouche M, Basyn F, Brasseur R, Kerfelec B (2005). "Role of the lid hydrophobicity pattern in pancreatic lipase activity". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (48): 40074–83. doi:10.1074/jbc.M502123200. PMID 16179352.
- van Tilbeurgh H, Egloff MP, Martinez C, Rugani N, Verger R, Cambillau C (1993). "Interfacial activation of the lipase-procolipase complex by mixed micelles revealed by X-ray crystallography". Nature. 362 (6423): 814–20. doi:10.1038/362814a0. PMID 8479519.
- Lessinger JM, Arzoglou P, Ramos P, Visvikis A, Parashou S, Calam D, Profilis C, Férard G (2003). "Preparation and characterization of reference materials for human pancreatic lipase: BCR 693 (from human pancreatic juice) and BCR 694 (recombinant)". Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 41 (2): 169–76. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2003.028. PMID 12667003.
- Colin DY, Deprez-Beauclair P, Allouche M, Brasseur R, Kerfelec B (2008). "Exploring the active site cavity of human pancreatic lipase". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 370 (3): 394–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.03.043. PMID 18353248.
- Ramos P, Coste T, Piémont E, Lessinger JM, Bousquet JA, Chapus C, Kerfelec B, Férard G, Mély Y (2003). "Time-resolved fluorescence allows selective monitoring of Trp30 environmental changes in the seven-Trp-containing human pancreatic lipase". Biochemistry. 42 (43): 12488–96. doi:10.1021/bi034900e. PMID 14580194.
- Yang Y, Lowe ME (1998). "Human pancreatic triglyceride lipase expressed in yeast cells: purification and characterization". Protein Expr. Purif. 13 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1006/prep.1998.0874. PMID 9631512.
- Sims HF, Jennens ML, Lowe ME (1993). "The human pancreatic lipase-encoding gene: structure and conservation of an Alu sequence in the lipase gene family". Gene. 131 (2): 281–5. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(93)90307-O. PMID 8406023.
- Grandval P, De Caro A, De Caro J, Sias B, Carrière F, Verger R, Laugier R (2004). "Critical evaluation of a specific ELISA and two enzymatic assays of pancreatic lipases in human sera". Pancreatology. 4 (6): 495–503; discussion 503–4. doi:10.1159/000080246. PMID 15316225.
- Belle V, Fournel A, Woudstra M, Ranaldi S, Prieri F, Thomé V, Currault J, Verger R, Guigliarelli B, Carrière F (2007). "Probing the opening of the pancreatic lipase lid using site-directed spin labeling and EPR spectroscopy". Biochemistry. 46 (8): 2205–14. doi:10.1021/bi0616089. PMID 17269661.
- Lowe ME (1997). "Structure and function of pancreatic lipase and colipase". Annu. Rev. Nutr. 17: 141–58. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.141. PMID 9240923.
- Bourbon-Freie A, Dub RE, Xiao X, Lowe ME (2009). "Trp-107 and trp-253 account for the increased steady state fluorescence that accompanies the conformational change in human pancreatic triglyceride lipase induced by tetrahydrolipstatin and bile salt". J. Biol. Chem. 284 (21): 14157–64. doi:10.1074/jbc.M901154200. PMC 2682864 . PMID 19346257.
- Ranaldi S, Belle V, Woudstra M, Bourgeas R, Guigliarelli B, Roche P, Vezin H, Carrière F, Fournel A (2010). "Amplitude of pancreatic lipase lid opening in solution and identification of spin label conformational subensembles by combining continuous wave and pulsed EPR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics". Biochemistry. 49 (10): 2140–9. doi:10.1021/bi901918f. PMID 20136147.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR013818
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PDB gallery
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 1lpa: Interfacial activation of the lipase-procolipase complex by mixed micelles revealed by x-ray crystallography.
 1gpl: RP2 LIPASE
 1n8s: Structure of the pancreatic lipase-colipase complex
 1lpb: The 2.46 Ångströms resolution structure of the pancreatic lipase colipase complex inhibited by a c11 alkyl phosphonate.
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This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.
Lipase Provide feedback
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Literature references
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Roussel A, Yang Y, Ferrato F, Verger R, Cambillau C, Lowe M; , J Biol Chem 1998;273:32121-32128.: Structure and activity of rat pancreatic lipase-related protein 2. PUBMED:9822688 EPMC:9822688
Internal database links
| SCOOP: | Abhydrolase_1 Abhydrolase_3 Abhydrolase_6 DUF676 DUF900 Hydrolase_4 Lipase_2 Lipase_3 Thioesterase |
| Similarity to PfamA using HHSearch: | Abhydrolase_1 Abhydrolase_6 |
External database links
| HOMSTRAD: | lipase |
| PRINTS: | PR00821 |
| PROSITE: | PDOC00110 |
| SCOP: | 1lpa |
This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.
InterPro entry IPR013818
Triglyceride lipases (EC) are lipolytic enzymes that hydrolyse ester linkages of triglycerides [PUBMED:3147715]. Lipases are widely distributed in animals, plants and prokaryotes. At least three tissue-specific isozymes exist in higher vertebrates, pancreatic, hepatic and gastric/lingual. These lipases are closely related to each other and to lipoprotein lipase (EC), which hydrolyses triglycerides of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) [PUBMED:2917565]. The most conserved region in all these proteins is centred around a serine residue which has been shown [PUBMED:2304545] to participate, with an histidine and an aspartic acid residue, in a charge relay system. Such a region is also present in lipases of prokaryotic origin and in lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (EC) (LCAT) [PUBMED:3458198], which catalyzes fatty acid transfer between phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol.
Lipoprotein lipases also exhibit homology with a region of Drosophila vitellogenins. That region, represented by this entry, is entirely within the N-terminal domain of lipoprotein lipase and constitutes the segment where the similarity to hepatic and pancreatic lipases is most pronounced [PUBMED:2917565].
Domain organisation
Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...
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Pfam Clan
This family is a member of clan AB_hydrolase (CL0028), which has the following description:
This catalytic domain is found in a very wide range of enzymes.
The clan contains the following 70 members:
Abhydro_lipase Abhydrolase_1 Abhydrolase_2 Abhydrolase_3 Abhydrolase_4 Abhydrolase_5 Abhydrolase_6 Abhydrolase_7 Abhydrolase_8 Abhydrolase_9 Acyl_transf_2 Asp2 AXE1 BAAT_C Chlorophyllase Chlorophyllase2 COesterase Cutinase DLH DUF1057 DUF1100 DUF1350 DUF1400 DUF1749 DUF2048 DUF2235 DUF2920 DUF2974 DUF3089 DUF3141 DUF3530 DUF452 DUF676 DUF726 DUF818 DUF829 DUF900 DUF915 EHN Esterase Esterase_phd FSH1 Hydrolase_4 LCAT LIDHydrolase LIP Lipase Lipase3_N Lipase_2 Lipase_3 Ndr PAE PAF-AH_p_II Palm_thioest PE-PPE Peptidase_S10 Peptidase_S15 Peptidase_S28 Peptidase_S37 Peptidase_S9 PGAP1 PhaC_N PHB_depo_C PhoPQ_related Say1_Mug180 Ser_hydrolase Tannase Thioesterase UPF0227 VirJAlignments
We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database (reference proteomes) using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the UniProtKB sequence database, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...
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| Seed (12) |
Full (4622) |
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NCBI (11360) |
Meta (9) |
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| RP15 (1319) |
RP35 (2218) |
RP55 (3684) |
RP75 (4367) |
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| PP/heatmap | 1 | ||||||||
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| Seed (12) |
Full (4622) |
Representative proteomes | UniProt (7948) |
NCBI (11360) |
Meta (9) |
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| RP15 (1319) |
RP35 (2218) |
RP55 (3684) |
RP75 (4367) |
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| Raw Stockholm | |||||||||
| Gzipped | |||||||||
You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.
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HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...
Trees
This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.
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Curation and family details
This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.
Curation
| Seed source: | Prosite |
| Previous IDs: | lipase; |
| Type: | Domain |
| Sequence Ontology: | SO:0000417 |
| Author: |
Sonnhammer ELL  , Griffiths-Jones SR
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| Number in seed: | 12 |
| Number in full: | 4622 |
| Average length of the domain: | 262.40 aa |
| Average identity of full alignment: | 27 % |
| Average coverage of the sequence by the domain: | 68.54 % |
HMM information
| HMM build commands: |
build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED
search method: hmmsearch -Z 45638612 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq
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| Model details: |
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| Model length: | 336 | ||||||||||||
| Family (HMM) version: | 19 | ||||||||||||
| Download: | download the raw HMM for this family |
Species distribution
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Colour assignments
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Structures
For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the Lipase domain has been found. There are 20 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein sequence.
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