Summary: Sodium/hydrogen exchanger family
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Sodium/hydrogen exchanger family Provide feedback
Na/H antiporters are key transporters in maintaining the pH of actively metabolising cells. The molecular mechanisms of antiport are unclear. These antiporters contain 10-12 transmembrane regions (M) at the amino-terminus and a large cytoplasmic region at the carboxyl terminus. The transmembrane regions M3-M12 share identity with other members of the family. The M6 and M7 regions are highly conserved. Thus, this is thought to be the region that is involved in the transport of sodium and hydrogen ions. The cytoplasmic region has little similarity throughout the family.
Literature references
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Dibrov P, Fliegel L; , FEBS Lett 1998;424:1-5.: Comparative molecular analysis of Na+/H+ exchangers: a unified model for Na+/H+ antiport? PUBMED:9537504 EPMC:9537504
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Orlowski J, Grinstein S; , J Biol Chem 1997;272:22373-22376.: Na+/H+ exchangers of mammalian cells. PUBMED:9278382 EPMC:9278382
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Numata M, Petrecca K, Lake N, Orlowski J; , J Biol Chem 1998;273:6951-6959.: Identification of a mitochondrial Na+/H+ exchanger. PUBMED:9507001 EPMC:9507001
Internal database links
SCOOP: | Asp-Al_Ex Cons_hypoth698 KdgT Lys_export Mem_trans Na_H_antiport_1 SBF SBF_like |
Similarity to PfamA using HHSearch: | Na_H_antiport_1 |
External database links
Transporter classification: | 2.A.36 2.A.37 |
This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.
InterPro entry IPR006153
Sodium proton exchangers (NHEs) constitute a large family of integral membrane protein transporters that are responsible for the counter-transport of protons and sodium ions across lipid bilayers [PUBMED:12027219, PUBMED:12502567]. These proteins are found in organisms across all domains of life. In archaea, bacteria, yeast and plants, these exchangers provide increased salt tolerance by removing sodium in exchanger for extracellular protons. In mammals they participate in the regulation of cell pH, volume, and intracellular sodium concentration, as well as for the reabsorption of NaCl across renal, intestinal, and other epithelia [PUBMED:16734752, PUBMED:17071327, PUBMED:16513813, PUBMED:11187762]. Human NHE is also involved in heart disease, cell growth and in cell differentiation [PUBMED:17218973]. The removal of intracellular protons in exchange for extracellular sodium effectively eliminates excess acid from actively metabolising cells. In mammalian cells, NHE activity is found in both the plasma membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane. To date, nine mammalian isoforms have been identified (designated NHE1-NHE9) [PUBMED:9278382, PUBMED:9507001]. These exchangers are highly-regulated (glyco)phosphoproteins, which, based on their primary structure, appear to contain 10-12 membrane-spanning regions (M) at the N terminus and a large cytoplasmic region at the C terminus. The transmembrane regions M3-M12 share identity with other members of the family. The M6 and M7 regions are highly conserved. Thus, this is thought to be the region that is involved in the transport of sodium and hydrogen ions. The cytoplasmic region has little similarity throughout the family. There is some evidence that the exchangers may exist in the cell membrane as homodimers, but little is currently known about the mechanism of their antiport [PUBMED:9537504].
This entry represents a number of cation/proton exchangers, including Na+/H+ exchangers, K+/H+ exchangers and Na+(K+,Li+,Rb+)/H+ exchangers.
Gene Ontology
The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.
Cellular component | integral component of membrane (GO:0016021) |
Molecular function | solute:proton antiporter activity (GO:0015299) |
Biological process | transmembrane transport (GO:0055085) |
cation transport (GO:0006812) |
Domain organisation
Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...
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Pfam Clan
This family is a member of clan CPA_AT (CL0064), which has the following description:
This Clan contains transporter proteins that belong to the CPA superfamily and AT superfamily according to TCDB [1].
The clan contains the following 13 members:
Asp-Al_Ex Cons_hypoth698 DUF819 Glt_symporter KdgT Lys_export Mem_trans Na_H_antiport_1 Na_H_Exchanger OAD_beta SBF SBF_like Sbt_1Alignments
We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database (reference proteomes) using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the UniProtKB sequence database, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...
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We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.
Seed (59) |
Full (37954) |
Representative proteomes | UniProt (137257) |
NCBI (195991) |
Meta (2383) |
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RP15 (4543) |
RP35 (16855) |
RP55 (34301) |
RP75 (58754) |
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PP/heatmap | 1 |
1Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available
Key:
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Seed (59) |
Full (37954) |
Representative proteomes | UniProt (137257) |
NCBI (195991) |
Meta (2383) |
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RP15 (4543) |
RP35 (16855) |
RP55 (34301) |
RP75 (58754) |
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Raw Stockholm | |||||||||
Gzipped |
You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.
HMM logo
HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...
Trees
This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.
Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.
Curation and family details
This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.
Curation
Seed source: | Pfam-B_312 (release 3.0) |
Previous IDs: | none |
Type: | Family |
Sequence Ontology: | SO:0100021 |
Author: |
Finn RD |
Number in seed: | 59 |
Number in full: | 37954 |
Average length of the domain: | 369.10 aa |
Average identity of full alignment: | 17 % |
Average coverage of the sequence by the domain: | 63.96 % |
HMM information
HMM build commands: |
build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED
search method: hmmsearch -Z 47079205 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq
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Model details: |
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Model length: | 381 | ||||||||||||
Family (HMM) version: | 22 | ||||||||||||
Download: | download the raw HMM for this family |
Species distribution
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Structures
For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the Na_H_Exchanger domain has been found. There are 22 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein sequence.
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