Summary: Clathrin propeller repeat
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Clathrin Edit Wikipedia article
Clathrin is a protein that plays a major role in the formation of coated vesicles. Clathrin was first isolated and named by Barbara Pearse in 1975.[1] It forms a triskelion shape composed of three clathrin heavy chains and three light chains. When the triskelia interact they form a polyhedral lattice that surrounds the vesicle. This is how clathrin gets its name, from the Latin clatratus meaning like a lattice. Coat-proteins, like clathrin, are used to build small vesicles in order to transport molecules within cells. The endocytosis and exocytosis of vesicles allows cells to communicate, to transfer nutrients, to import signaling receptors, to mediate an immune response after sampling the extracellular world, and to clean up the cell debris left by tissue inflammation. The endocytic pathway can be hijacked by viruses and other pathogens in order to gain entry to the cell during infection.[2]
Structure
| Clathrin light chain a | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | CLTA |
| Entrez | 1211 |
| HUGO | CLTA. HGNC:2090. CLTA. |
| UniProt | P09496 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 9 q13 |
| Clathrin light chain b | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | CLTB |
| Entrez | 1212 |
| HUGO | 2091 |
| OMIM | 118970 |
| RefSeq | NM_001834 |
| UniProt | P09497 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 5 q35 |
| Clathrin heavy chain 1 | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | CLTC |
| Alt. symbols | CHC, CHC17, CLTCL2 |
| Entrez | 1213 |
| HUGO | 2092 |
| OMIM | 118955 |
| RefSeq | NM_004859 |
| UniProt | Q00610 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 17 q23.1-qter |
| Clathrin heavy chain 2 | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | CLTCL1 |
| Alt. symbols | CLTCL |
| Entrez | 8218 |
| HUGO | 2093 |
| OMIM | 601273 |
| RefSeq | NM_001835 |
| UniProt | P53675 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 22 q11.21 |
| Clathrin propeller repeat | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clathrin terminal domain
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| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | Clathrin_propel | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF01394 | ||||||||
| Pfam clan | CL0020 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR022365 | ||||||||
| SCOP | 1bpo | ||||||||
| SUPERFAMILY | 1bpo | ||||||||
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| Clathrin heavy-chain linker | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
clathrin heavy chain repeat
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| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | Clathrin-link | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF09268 | ||||||||
| Pfam clan | CL0020 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR015348 | ||||||||
| SCOP | 1b89 | ||||||||
| SUPERFAMILY | 1b89 | ||||||||
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The clathrin triskelion is composed of three clathrin heavy chains interacting at their C-termini, each ~190 kDa heavy chain has a ~25 kDa light chain tightly bound to it. The three heavy chains provide the structural backbone of the clathrin lattice, and the three light chains are thought to regulate the formation and disassembly of a clathrin lattice. There are two forms of clathrin light chains, designated a and b. The main clathrin heavy chain, located on chromosome 17 in humans, is found in all cells. A second clathrin heavy chain gene, on chromosome 22, is expressed in muscle.
Clathrin heavy chain is often described as a leg, with subdomains, representing the foot (the N-terminal domain), followed by the ankle, distal leg, knee, proximal leg, and trimerization domains. The N-terminal domain consists of a seven-bladed β-propeller structure. The other domains form a super-helix of short alpha helices. This was originally determined from the structure of the proximal leg domain that identified and is composed of a smaller structural module referred to as clathrin heavy chain repeat motifs. The light chains bind primarily to the proximal leg portion of the heavy chain with some interaction near the trimerization domain. The β-propeller at the 'foot' of clathrin contains multiple binding sites for interaction with other proteins.
When triskelia assemble together in solution, they can interact with enough flexibility to form 6-sided rings (hexagons) that yield a flat lattice, or 5-sided rings (pentagons) that are necessary for curved lattice formation. When many triskelions connect, they can form a basket-like structure. The structure shown, is built of 36 triskelia, one of which is shown in blue. Another common assembly is a truncated icosahedron. To enclose a vesicle, at least 12 pentagons must be present in the lattice.
In a cell, clathrin triskelion in the cytoplasm binds to an adaptor protein that has bound membrane, linking one of its three feet to the membrane at a time. Clathrin cannot bind to membrane or cargo directly and instead uses adaptor proteins to do this. This triskelion will bind to other membrane-attached triskelia to form a rounded lattice of hexagons and pentagons, reminiscent of the panels on a soccer ball, that pulls the membrane into a bud. By constructing different combinations of 5-sided and 6-sided rings, vesicles of different sizes may assemble. The smallest clathrin cage commonly imaged, called a mini-coat, has 12 pentagons and only two hexagons. Even smaller cages with zero hexagons probably do not form from the native protein, because the feet of the triskelia are too bulky.
Function
Like many proteins, clathrin represents a perfect case of form following function; it performs critical roles in shaping rounded vesicles in the cytoplasm for intracellular trafficking. Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCV) selectively sort cargo at the cell membrane, trans-Golgi network, and endosomal compartments for multiple membrane traffic pathways. After a vesicle buds into the cytoplasm, the coat rapidly disassembles, allowing the clathrin to recycle while the vesicle gets transported to a variety of locations.
Adaptor molecules are responsible for self-assembly and recruitment. Two examples of adaptor proteins are AP180[3] and epsin.[4][5][6] AP180 is used in synaptic vesicle formation. It recruits clathrin to membranes and also promotes its polymerization. Epsin also recruits clathrin to membranes and promotes its polymerization, and can help deform the membrane, and thus clathrin-coated vesicles can bud. In a cell, a triskelion floating in the cytoplasm binds to an adaptor protein, linking one of its feet to the membrane at a time. The skelion will bind to other ones attached to the membrane to form a polyhedral lattice, skelion, which pulls the membrane into a bud. The skelion does not bind directly to the membrane, but binds to the adaptor proteins that recognize the molecules on the membrane surface.
Clathrin has another function aside from the coating of organelles. In non-dividing cells, the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles occurs continuously. Formation of clathrin-coated vesicles is shut down in cells undergoing mitosis. During mitosis, clathrin binds to the spindle apparatus, in complex with two other proteins: TACC3 and ch-TOG/CKAP5. Clathrin aids in the congression of chromosomes by stabilizing kinetochore fibers of the mitotic spindle. The amino-terminal domain of the clathrin heavy chain and the TACC domain of TACC3 make the microtubule binding surface for TACC3/ch-TOG/clathrin to bind to the mitotic spindle. The stabilization of kinetochore fibers requires the trimeric structure of clathrin in order to crosslink microtubules.[7][8]
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) regulates many cellular physiological processes such as the internalization of growth factors and receptors, entry of pathogens, and synaptic transmission. It is believed that cellular invaders use the nutrient pathway to gain access to a cell's replicating mechanisms. Certain signalling molecules open the nutrients pathway. Two chemical compounds called Pitstop 1 and Pitstop 2, selective clathrin inhibitors, can interfere with the pathogenic activity, and thus protect the cells against invasion. These two compounds selectively block the endocytic ligand association with the clathrin terminal domain in vitro.[9] However, the specificity of these compounds to block clathrin-mediated endocytosis has been questioned.[10]
See also
References
- ^ Pearse BM (April 1976). "Clathrin: a unique protein associated with intracellular transfer of membrane by coated vesicles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 73 (4): 1255–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.73.4.1255. PMC 430241. PMID 1063406.
- ^ https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/potm/2007_4/Page1.htm
- ^ McMahon HT. "Clathrin and its interactions with AP180.". MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
micrographs of clathrin assembly
- ^ McMahon HT. "Epsin 1 EM gallery". MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology,. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
micrographs of vesicle budding
- ^ Ford MG, Pearse BM, Higgins MK, Vallis Y, Owen DJ, Gibson A, Hopkins CR, Evans PR, McMahon HT (February 2001). "Simultaneous binding of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and clathrin by AP180 in the nucleation of clathrin lattices on membranes" (PDF). Science 291 (5506): 1051–5. doi:10.1126/science.291.5506.1051. PMID 11161218.
- ^ Higgins MK, McMahon HT (May 2002). "Snap-shots of clathrin-mediated endocytosis" (PDF). Trends in Biochemical Sciences 27 (5): 257–63. doi:10.1016/S0968-0004(02)02089-3. PMID 12076538.
- ^ Royle SJ, Bright NA, Lagnado L (April 2005). "Clathrin is required for the function of the mitotic spindle". Nature 434 (7037): 1152–1157. doi:10.1038/nature03502. PMC 3492753. PMID 15858577.
- ^ Hood FE, Williams SJ, Burgess SG, Richards MW, Roth D, Straube A, Pfuhl M, Bayliss R, Royle SJ (August 2013). "Coordination of adjacent domains mediates TACC3-ch-TOG-clathrin assembly and mitotic spindle binding". J Cell Biol 202 (3): 463–78. doi:10.1083/jcb.201211127. PMC 3734082. PMID 23918938.
- ^ Role of the Clathrin Terminal Domain in Regulating Coated Pit Dynamics Revealed by Small Molecule Inhibition|Cell, Volume 146, Issue 3, 471-484, 5 August 2011 Abstract
- ^ Dutta D, Williamson CD, Cole NB, Donaldson JG (Sep 2012). "Pitstop 2 is a potent inhibitor of clathrin-independent endocytosis". PLoS ONE 7 (9): e45799. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045799. PMC 3448704. PMID 23029248.
Further reading
- Wakeham DE, Chen CY, Greene B, Hwang PK, Brodsky FM (October 2003). "Clathrin self-assembly involves coordinated weak interactions favorable for cellular regulation". The EMBO Journal 22 (19): 4980–90. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg511. PMC 204494. PMID 14517237.
- Ford MG, Mills IG, Peter BJ, Vallis Y, Praefcke GJ, Evans PR, McMahon HT (September 2002). "Curvature of clathrin-coated pits driven by epsin". Nature 419 (6905): 361–6. doi:10.1038/nature01020. PMID 12353027.
- Fotin A, Cheng Y, Sliz P, Grigorieff N, Harrison SC, Kirchhausen T, Walz T (December 2004). "Molecular model for a complete clathrin lattice from electron cryomicroscopy". Nature 432 (7017): 573–9. doi:10.1038/nature03079. PMID 15502812.
- Mousavi SA, Malerød L, Berg T, Kjeken R (January 2004). "Clathrin-dependent endocytosis". The Biochemical Journal 377 (Pt 1): 1–16. doi:10.1042/BJ20031000. PMC 1223844. PMID 14505490.
- Smith CJ, Grigorieff N, Pearse BM (September 1998). "Clathrin coats at 21 A resolution: a cellular assembly designed to recycle multiple membrane receptors". The EMBO Journal 17 (17): 4943–53. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.17.4943. PMC 1170823. PMID 9724631. (Model of Clathrin assembly)
- Pérez-Gómez J, Moore I (March 2007). "Plant endocytosis: it is clathrin after all". Current Biology 17 (6): R217–9. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.045. PMID 17371763. (Review on involvement of clathrin in plant endocytosis)
- Royle SJ, Bright NA, Lagnado L (April 2005). "Clathrin is required for the function of the mitotic spindle". Nature 434 (7037): 1152–7. doi:10.1038/nature03502. PMC 3492753. PMID 15858577.
- Hood FE, Williams SJ, Burgess SG, Richards MW, Roth D, Straube A, Pfuhl M, Bayliss R, Royle SJ (August 2013). "Coordination of adjacent domains mediates TACC3-ch-TOG-clathrin assembly and mitotic spindle binding". J Cell Biol 202 (3): 463–78. doi:10.1083/jcb.201211127. PMC 3734082. PMID 23918938.
- Knuehl C, Chen CY, Manalo V, Hwang PK, Ota N, Brodsky FM (December 2006). "Novel binding sites on clathrin and adaptors regulate distinct aspects of coat assembly". Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 7 (12): 1688–700. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00499.x. PMID 17052248.
- Edeling MA, Smith C, Owen D (January 2006). "Life of a clathrin coat: insights from clathrin and AP structures". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 7 (1): 32–44. doi:10.1038/nrm1786. PMID 16493411.
- Dutta D, Williamson CD, Cole NB, Donaldson JG (Sep 2012). "Pitstop 2 is a potent inhibitor of clathrin-independent endocytosis". PLoS ONE 7 (9): e45799. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045799. PMC 3448704. PMID 23029248.
External links
- MBInfo - Clathrin Mediated Endocytosis
- Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class LIG_Clathr_ClatBox_1
- Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class LIG_Clathr_ClatBox_2
- Clathrin structure
- Membrane Dynamics
- Clathrin Dynamics ASCB Image & Video Library
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This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.
Clathrin propeller repeat Provide feedback
Clathrin is the scaffold protein of the basket-like coat that surrounds coated vesicles. The soluble assembly unit, a triskelion, contains three heavy chains and three light chains in an extended three-legged structure. Each leg contains one heavy and one light chain. The N-terminus of the heavy chain is known as the globular domain, and is composed of seven repeats which form a beta propeller [1].
Literature references
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ter Haar E, Musacchio A, Harrison SC, Kirchhausen T; , Cell. 1998;95:563-573.: Atomic structure of clathrin: a beta propeller terminal domain joins an alpha zigzag linker. PUBMED:9827808 EPMC:9827808
External database links
| SCOP: | 1bpo |
This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.
InterPro entry IPR022365
This entry represents the propeller repeat found in clathrin heavy chains. The N terminus of the heavy chain is known as the globular domain, and is composed of seven repeats which form a beta propeller [PUBMED:9827808].
Proteins synthesized on the ribosome and processed in the endoplasmic reticulum are transported from the Golgi apparatus to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), and from there via small carrier vesicles to their final destination compartment. These vesicles have specific coat proteins (such as clathrin or coatomer) that are important for cargo selection and direction of transport [PUBMED:15261670]. Clathrin coats contain both clathrin (acts as a scaffold) and adaptor complexes that link clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles. Clathrin-associated protein complexes are believed to interact with the cytoplasmic tails of membrane proteins, leading to their selection and concentration. The two major types of clathrin adaptor complexes are the heterotetrameric adaptor protein (AP) complexes, and the monomeric GGA (Golgi-localising, Gamma-adaptin ear domain homology, ARF-binding proteins) adaptors [PUBMED:17449236, PUBMED:11598180].
Clathrin is a trimer composed of three heavy chains and three light chains, each monomer projecting outwards like a leg; this three-legged structure is known as a triskelion [PUBMED:15752139, PUBMED:16806884]. The heavy chains form the legs, their N-terminal beta-propeller regions extending outwards, while their C-terminal alpha-alpha-superhelical regions form the central hub of the triskelion. Peptide motifs can bind between the beta-propeller blades. The light chains appear to have a regulatory role, and may help orient the assembly and disassembly of clathrin coats as they interact with hsc70 uncoating ATPase [PUBMED:16734666]. Clathrin triskelia self-polymerise into a curved lattice by twisting individual legs together. The clathrin lattice forms around a vesicle as it buds from the TGN, plasma membrane or endosomes, acting to stabilise the vesicle and facilitate the budding process [PUBMED:15261670]. The multiple blades created when the triskelia polymerise are involved in multiple protein interactions, enabling the recruitment of different cargo adaptors and membrane attachment proteins [PUBMED:16699812].
Domain organisation
Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...
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Pfam Clan
This family is a member of clan TPR (CL0020), which has the following description:
Tetratricopeptide-like repeats are found in a numerous and diverse proteins involved in such functions as cell cycle regulation, transcriptional control, mitochondrial and peroxisomal protein transport, neurogenesis and protein folding.
The clan contains the following 132 members:
Adaptin_N Alkyl_sulf_dimr ANAPC3 ANAPC5 API5 Arm Arm_2 Arm_3 B56 BTAD CAS_CSE1 ChAPs CLASP_N Clathrin Clathrin-link Clathrin_H_link Clathrin_propel Cnd1 Cnd3 Coatomer_E Cohesin_HEAT Cohesin_load COPI_C CRM1_C Cse1 DNA_alkylation Drf_FH3 Drf_GBD DUF1822 DUF2019 DUF2225 DUF3385 DUF3458 DUF3808 DUF3856 DUF4042 DUF924 EST1 EST1_DNA_bind FAT Fis1_TPR_C Fis1_TPR_N Foie-gras_1 GUN4_N HAT HEAT HEAT_2 HEAT_EZ HEAT_PBS HemY_N IBB IBN_N IFRD KAP Leuk-A4-hydro_C LRV LRV_FeS MA3 MIF4G MIF4G_like MIF4G_like_2 Mo25 MRP-S27 NARP1 Neurochondrin Nipped-B_C Nro1 NSF Paf67 ParcG PC_rep PHAT PI3Ka PknG_TPR PPP5 PPR PPR_1 PPR_2 PPR_3 PPR_long PPTA Proteasom_PSMB PUF Rab5-bind Rapsyn_N RPN7 Sel1 SHNi-TPR SNAP SPO22 SRP_TPR_like ST7 Suf SusD SusD-like SusD-like_2 SusD-like_3 TAF6_C TAL_effector TAtT Tcf25 TIP120 TOM20_plant TPR_1 TPR_10 TPR_11 TPR_12 TPR_14 TPR_15 TPR_16 TPR_17 TPR_18 TPR_19 TPR_2 TPR_20 TPR_21 TPR_3 TPR_4 TPR_5 TPR_6 TPR_7 TPR_8 TPR_9 Upf2 V-ATPase_H_C V-ATPase_H_N Vac14_Fab1_bd Vitellogenin_N Vps39_1 W2 Xpo1 YfiOAlignments
We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database (reference proteomes) using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the UniProtKB sequence database, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...
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We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.
| Seed (49) |
Full (1735) |
Representative proteomes | UniProt (3067) |
NCBI (5440) |
Meta (7) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RP15 (360) |
RP35 (783) |
RP55 (1241) |
RP75 (1585) |
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| Jalview | |||||||||
| HTML | |||||||||
| PP/heatmap | 1 | ||||||||
1Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available
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| Seed (49) |
Full (1735) |
Representative proteomes | UniProt (3067) |
NCBI (5440) |
Meta (7) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RP15 (360) |
RP35 (783) |
RP55 (1241) |
RP75 (1585) |
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| Raw Stockholm | |||||||||
| Gzipped | |||||||||
You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.
HMM logo
HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...
Trees
This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.
Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.
Curation and family details
This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.
Curation
| Seed source: | [1] |
| Previous IDs: | none |
| Type: | Repeat |
| Author: | Bateman A |
| Number in seed: | 49 |
| Number in full: | 1735 |
| Average length of the domain: | 38.10 aa |
| Average identity of full alignment: | 25 % |
| Average coverage of the sequence by the domain: | 6.24 % |
HMM information
| HMM build commands: |
build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED
search method: hmmsearch -Z 17690987 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq
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| Model details: |
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| Model length: | 37 | ||||||||||||
| Family (HMM) version: | 18 | ||||||||||||
| Download: | download the raw HMM for this family |
Species distribution
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Colour assignments
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Interactions
There are 6 interactions for this family. More...
Clathrin-link Clathrin-link Arrestin_C Clathrin_propel Clathrin_H_link Arrestin_NStructures
For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the Clathrin_propel domain has been found. There are 200 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein seqence.
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