Summary: Selenoprotein P, N terminal region

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Wikipedia: Selenoprotein P
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This is the Wikipedia entry entitled "Selenoprotein P". More...

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Selenoprotein P Edit Wikipedia article

SelP, N terminus

Identifiers

Symbol

SelP_N

Pfam clan

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

SelP, C terminus

Identifiers

Symbol

SelP_C

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

In molecular biology the protein domain SelP stands for selenoprotein P which is the only known eukaryotic selenoprotein that contains multiple selenocysteine (Sec) residues. It is a secreted glycoprotein, often found in the plasma. It's precise function remains to be elucidated however it is thought to have antioxidant properties.^[1] This particular protein contains two domains: the C terminal and N terminal domain. The N-terminal domain is larger than the C terminal^[2] and the N-terminal is thought to be glycosylated.^[3]

Function

SelP may have antioxidant properties. It can attach to epithelial cells, and may protect vascular endothelial cells against peroxynitrite toxicity.^[1] The high selenium content of SelP suggests that it may be involved in selenium intercellular transport or storage.^[3] The promoter structure of bovine SelP suggests that it may be involved in countering heavy metal intoxication, and may also have a developmental function.^[4]

Structure

The N-terminal region always contains one Sec residue, and this is separated from the C-terminal region (9-16 Sec residues) by a histidine-rich sequence.^[3] The large number of Sec residues in the C-terminal portion of SelP suggests that it may be involved in selenium transport or storage. However, it is also possible that this region has a redox function.^[3]

N terminal domain

Function

N-terminal domain allows conservation of whole body selenium and appears to supply selenium to the kidney^[5]

Structure

The structure of the N-terminal domain is larger and contains less Selenium. However it is thought to be heavily glycosylated^[5]

C terminal domain

Function

The function of the C-terminal domain is known to be vital for maintaining levels of selenium in brain and testis but not for the maintenance of whole body selenium. Brain and testis tissue.^[5]

Structure

The C-terminal domain is smaller in size but far more rich in selenium.^[5]

Protein interactions

Binds to herapin in a pH-dependent manner^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b Mostert V (April 2000). "Selenoprotein P: properties, functions, and regulation". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 376 (2): 433–8. doi:10.1006/abbi.2000.1735. PMID 10775431.
^ ^a ^b Burk RF; Hill KE (2009). "Selenoprotein P-expression, functions, and roles in mammals.". Biochim Biophys Acta 1790 (11): 1441–7. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.03.026. PMC 2763998. PMID 19345254.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kryukov GV; Gladyshev VN (December 2000). "Selenium metabolism in zebrafish: multiplicity of selenoprotein genes and expression of a protein containing 17 selenocysteine residues". Genes Cells 5 (12): 1049–60. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00392.x. PMID 11168591.
^ Fujii M; Saijoh K; Kobayashi T; Fujii S; Lee MJ; Sumino K (October 1997). "Analysis of bovine selenoprotein P-like protein gene and availability of metal responsive element (MRE) located in its promoter". Gene 199 (1-2): 211–7. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00369-7. PMID 9358058.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hill KE, Zhou J, Austin LM, Motley AK, Ham AJ, Olson GE, et al. (2007). "The selenium-rich C-terminal domain of mouse selenoprotein P is necessary for the supply of selenium to brain and testis but not for the maintenance of whole body selenium.". J Biol Chem 282 (15): 10972–80. doi:10.1074/jbc.M700436200. PMID 17311913.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR007672

This page is based on a Wikipedia article. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.

This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.

Selenoprotein P, N terminal region Provide feedback

SelP is the only known eukaryotic selenoprotein that contains multiple selenocysteine (Sec) residues, and accounts for more than 50% of the selenium content of rat and human plasma [1]. It is thought to be glycosylated [2]. SelP may have antioxidant properties. It can attach to epithelial cells, and may protect vascular endothelial cells against peroxynitrite toxicity [1]. The high selenium content of SelP suggests that it may be involved in selenium intercellular transport or storage [2]. The promoter structure of bovine SelP suggest that it may be involved in countering heavy metal intoxication, and may also have a developmental function [3]. The N-terminal region of SelP can exist independently of the C terminal region. Zebrafish selenoprotein Pb (Q98SV0) lacks the C terminal Sec-rich region, and a protein encoded by the rat SelP gene and lacking this region has also been reported [2]. N-terminal region contains a conserved SecxxCys motif, which is similar to the CysxxCys found in thioredoxins. It is speculated that the N terminal region may adopt a thioredoxin fold and catalyse redox reactions [2]. The N-terminal region also contains a His-rich region, which is thought to mediate heparin binding. Binding to heparan proteoglycans could account for the membrane binding properties of SelP [1]. The function of the bacterial members of this family is uncharacterised.

Literature references

Mostert V; , Arch Biochem Biophys 2000;376:433-438.: Selenoprotein P: properties, functions, and regulation. PUBMED:10775431 EPMC:10775431
Kryukov GV, Gladyshev VN; , Genes Cells 2000;5:1049-1060.: Selenium metabolism in zebrafish: multiplicity of selenoprotein genes and expression of a protein containing 17 selenocysteine residues. PUBMED:11168591 EPMC:11168591
Fujii M, Saijoh K, Kobayashi T, Fujii S, Lee MJ, Sumino K; , Gene 1997;199:211-217.: Analysis of bovine selenoprotein P-like protein gene and availability of metal responsive element (MRE) located in its promoter. PUBMED:9358058 EPMC:9358058

This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.

InterPro entry IPR007671

SelP is the only known eukaryotic selenoprotein that contains multiple selenocysteine (Sec) residues, and accounts for more than 50% of the selenium content of rat and human plasma [PUBMED:10775431]. It is thought to be glycosylated [PUBMED:11168591]. SelP may have antioxidant properties. It can attach to epithelial cells, and may protect vascular endothelial cells against peroxynitrite toxicity [PUBMED:10775431]. The high selenium content of SelP suggests that it may be involved in selenium intercellular transport or storage [PUBMED:11168591]. The promoter structure of bovine SelP suggests that it may be involved in countering heavy metal intoxication, and may also have a developmental function [PUBMED:9358058]. The N-terminal region of SelP can exist independently of the C-terminal region. Zebrafish selenoprotein Pb (SWISSPROT) lacks the C-terminal Sec-rich region, and a protein encoded by the rat SelP gene and lacking this region has also been reported [PUBMED:11168591]. The N-terminal region contains a conserved SecxxCys motif, which is similar to the CysxxCys found in thioredoxins. It is speculated that the N-terminal region may adopt a thioredoxin fold and catalyse redox reactions [PUBMED:11168591]. The N-terminal region also contains a His-rich region, which is thought to mediate heparin binding. Binding to heparan proteoglycans could account for the membrane binding properties of SelP [PUBMED:10775431].

The function of the bacterial members of this family is uncharacterised.

Domain organisation

Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...

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Pfam Clan

This family is a member of clan Thioredoxin (CL0172), which has the following description:

This clan contains families related to the thioredoxin family. Thioredoxins are small enzymes that are involved in redox reactions via the reversible oxidation of an active centre disulfide bond. The thioredoxin fold consists of a 3 layer alpha/beta/alpha sandwich and a central beta sheet.

The clan contains the following 57 members:

2Fe-2S_thioredx AhpC-TSA AhpC-TSA_2 Aminopep ArsC ArsD Calsequestrin DIM1 DSBA DUF1223 DUF1462 DUF1525 DUF1687 DUF2703 DUF2847 DUF4174 DUF836 DUF899 DUF953 ERp29_N GILT Glutaredoxin GSHPx GST_N GST_N_2 GST_N_3 GST_N_4 HyaE KaiB L51_S25_CI-B8 Metallopep MRP-S23 MRP-S25 OST3_OST6 Peptidase_M76 Phosducin Rdx Redoxin SCO1-SenC SelP_N Sep15_SelM SH3BGR T4_deiodinase Thioredox_DsbH Thioredoxin Thioredoxin_2 Thioredoxin_3 Thioredoxin_4 Thioredoxin_5 Thioredoxin_6 Thioredoxin_7 Thioredoxin_8 Thioredoxin_9 Tom37 TraF YtfJ_HI0045 Zincin_1

Alignments

We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database (reference proteomes) using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the UniProtKB sequence database, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...

There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. We provide several sequence viewers and a plain-text Stockholm-format file for download.

Alignment types

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family:

seed: the curated alignment from which the HMM for the family is built
full: the alignment generated by searching the sequence database using the HMM
RP15/RP35/RP55/RP75: Representative Proteomes (RPs) at 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% co-membership thresholds
UniProt: alignment generated by searching the UniProtKB sequence database using the family HMM
NCBI: alignment generated by searching the NCBI sequence database using the family HMM
meta: alignment generated by searching the metagenomics sequence database using the family HMM

Viewing

You can see the alignments as HTML or in three different sequence viewers:

jalview: a Java applet developed at the University of Dundee. You will need Java installed before running jalview
HTML: an HTML page showing the whole alignment.Please note: full Pfam alignments can be very large. These HTML views are extremely large and often cause problems for browsers. Please use either jalview or the Pfam viewer if you have trouble viewing the HTML version
PP/Heatmap: an HTML-based representation of the alignment, coloured according to the posterior-probability (PP) values from the HMM. As for the standard HTML view, heatmap alignments can also be very large and slow to render.

Reformatting

You can download (or view in your browser) a text representation of a Pfam alignment in various formats:

Selex
Stockholm
FASTA
MSF

You can also change the order in which sequences are listed in the alignment, change how insertions are represented, alter the characters that are used to represent gaps in sequences and, finally, choose whether to download the alignment or to view it in your browser directly.

Downloading

You may find that large alignments cause problems for the viewers and the reformatting tool, so we also provide all alignments in Stockholm format. You can download either the plain text alignment, or a gzipped version of it.

View options

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.

	Seed (11)	Full (116)	Representative proteomes				UniProt (238)	NCBI (522)	Meta (0)
	Seed (11)	Full (116)	RP15 (31)	RP35 (59)	RP55 (96)	RP75 (110)	UniProt (238)	NCBI (522)	Meta (0)
Jalview	View	View	View	View	View	View	View	View
HTML	View	View
PP/heatmap	₁	View

¹Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available

Key: available, not generated, — not available.

Format an alignment

	Seed (11)	Full (116)	Representative proteomes				UniProt (238)	NCBI (522)	Meta (0)
	Seed (11)	Full (116)	RP15 (31)	RP35 (59)	RP55 (96)	RP75 (110)	UniProt (238)	NCBI (522)	Meta (0)
Alignment:
Format:
Order:	Tree Alphabetical
Sequence:	Inserts lower case All upper case
Gaps:
Download/view:	Download View

Download options

We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.

	Seed (11)	Full (116)	Representative proteomes				UniProt (238)	NCBI (522)	Meta (0)
	Seed (11)	Full (116)	RP15 (31)	RP35 (59)	RP55 (96)	RP75 (110)	UniProt (238)	NCBI (522)	Meta (0)
Raw Stockholm	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download
Gzipped	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download

You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.

HMM logo

HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...

Trees

This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.

Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.

Curation and family details

This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.

Curation

Seed source:

DOMO:DM04433;

Previous IDs:

none

Type:

Family

Author:

Kerrison ND

Number in seed:

11

Number in full:

116

Average length of the domain:

173.70 aa

Average identity of full alignment:

28 %

Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:

57.39 %

HMM information

HMM build commands:

build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED

search method: hmmsearch -Z 17690987 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq

Model details:

Parameter	Sequence	Domain
Gathering cut-off	23.2	23.2
Trusted cut-off	23.8	24.4
Noise cut-off	23.1	23.1

Model length:

233

Family (HMM) version:

12

Download:

download the raw HMM for this family

Species distribution

Sunburst
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Colour assignments

Archea	Eukaryota
Bacteria	Other sequences
Viruses	Unclassified
Viroids	Unclassified sequence

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This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab. More...

This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.

How the sunburst is generated

The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.

In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:

superkingdom
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Colouring and labels

Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.

As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.

Anomalies in the taxonomy tree

There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.

Missing taxonomic levels

Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.

Unmapped species names

The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.

So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".

Sub-species

Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.

Too many species/sequences

For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.

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Tree controls

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The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...

Species trees

We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.

Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.

If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.

Interactive tree

For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.

We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.

Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.

We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.

You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:

show/hide the summary boxes
highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
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Family: SelP_N (PF04592)

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Summary: Selenoprotein P, N terminal region

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Selenoprotein P Edit Wikipedia article

Contents

Function

Structure

N terminal domain

Function

Structure

C terminal domain

Function

Structure

Protein interactions

References

Selenoprotein P, N terminal region Provide feedback

Literature references

InterPro entry IPR007671

Domain organisation

Pfam Clan

Alignments

Alignment types

Viewing

Reformatting

Downloading

View options

Format an alignment

Download options

HMM logo

Trees

Curation and family details

Curation

HMM information

Species distribution

Sunburst controls

Weight segments by...

Change the size of the sunburst

Colour assignments

Selections

Currently selected:

How the sunburst is generated

Colouring and labels

Anomalies in the taxonomy tree

Missing taxonomic levels

Unmapped species names

Sub-species

Too many species/sequences

Tree controls

Annotation

Download tree

Selected sequences

Species trees

Interactive tree