Summary: Dynein heavy chain, N-terminal region 2
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Dynein Edit Wikipedia article

Dynein is a family of cytoskeletal motor proteins that move along microtubules in cells. They convert the chemical energy stored in ATP to mechanical work. Dynein transports various cellular cargos, provides forces and displacements important in mitosis, and drives the beat of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. All of these functions rely on dynein's ability to move towards the minus-end of the microtubules, known as retrograde transport, thus, they are called "minus-end directed motors". In contrast, kinesin motor proteins move toward the microtubules' plus end.
Contents
Classification
Dynein heavy chain, N-terminal region 1 | |||||||||
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Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | DHC_N1 | ||||||||
Pfam | PF08385 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR013594 | ||||||||
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Dynein heavy chain, N-terminal region 2 | |||||||||
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Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | DHC_N2 | ||||||||
Pfam | PF08393 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR013602 | ||||||||
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Dynein heavy chain and region D6 of dynein motor | |||||||||
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Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | Dynein_heavy | ||||||||
Pfam | PF03028 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR004273 | ||||||||
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Dynein light intermediate chain (DLIC) | |||||||||
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Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | DLIC | ||||||||
Pfam | PF05783 | ||||||||
Pfam clan | CL0023 | ||||||||
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Dynein light chain type 1 | |||||||||
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![]() structure of the human pin/lc8 dimer with a bound peptide
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Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | Dynein_light | ||||||||
Pfam | PF01221 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR001372 | ||||||||
PROSITE | PDOC00953 | ||||||||
SCOP | 1bkq | ||||||||
SUPERFAMILY | 1bkq | ||||||||
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Dyneins can be divided into two groups: cytoplasmic dyneins and axonemal dyneins, which are also called ciliary or flagellar dyneins.
- axonemal
- cytoplasmic
Function
Axonemal dynein causes sliding of microtubules in the axonemes of cilia and flagella and is found only in cells that have those structures.
Cytoplasmic dynein, found in all animal cells and possibly plant cells as well, performs functions necessary for cell survival such as organelle transport and centrosome assembly.[1] Cytoplasmic dynein moves processively along the microtubule; that is, one or the other of its stalks is always attached to the microtubule so that the dynein can "walk" a considerable distance along a microtubule without detaching.
Cytoplasmic dynein helps to position the Golgi complex and other organelles in the cell.[1] It also helps transport cargo needed for cell function such as vesicles made by the endoplasmic reticulum, endosomes, and lysosomes (Karp, 2005). Dynein is involved in the movement of chromosomes and positioning the mitotic spindles for cell division.[2][3] Dynein carries organelles, vesicles and possibly microtubule fragments along the axons of neurons toward the cell body in a process called retrograde axoplasmic transport.[1]
Mitotic spindle positioning
Cytoplasmic dynein positions the spindle at the site of cytokinesis by anchoring to the cell cortex and pulling on astral microtubules emanating from centrosome.[4][5][6] Budding yeast have been a powerful model organism to study this process and has shown that dynein is targeted to plus ends of astral microtubules and delivered to the cell cortex via an offloading mechanism.[7][8]
Structure
Each molecule of the dynein motor is a complex protein assembly composed of many smaller polypeptide subunits. Cytoplasmic and axonemal dynein contain some of the same components, but they also contain some unique subunits.

Cytoplasmic dynein
Cytoplasmic dynein, which has a molecular mass of about 1.5 megadaltons (MDa), is a dimer of dimers, containing approximately twelve polypeptide subunits: two identical "heavy chains", 520 kDa in mass, which contain the ATPase activity and are thus responsible for generating movement along the microtubule; two 74 kDa intermediate chains which are believed to anchor the dynein to its cargo; two 53–59 kDa light intermediate chains; and several light chains..
The force-generating ATPase activity of each dynein heavy chain is located in its large doughnut-shaped "head", which is related to other AAA proteins, while two projections from the head connect it to other cytoplasmic structures. One projection, the coiled-coil stalk, binds to and "walks" along the surface of the microtubule via a repeated cycle of detachment and reattachment. The other projection, the extended tail, binds to the light intermediate, intermediate and light chain subunits which attach dynein to its cargo. The alternating activity of the paired heavy chains in the complete cytoplasmic dynein motor enables a single dynein molecule to transport its cargo by "walking" a considerable distance along a microtubule without becoming completely detached.
Yeast dynein can walk along microtubules without detaching, however in metazoans, cytoplasmic dynein must be activated by the binding of dynactin, another multisubunit protein that is essential for mitosis, and a cargo adaptor.[10] The tri-complex, which includes dynein, dynactin and a cargo adaptor, is ultra-processive and can walk long distances without detaching in order to reach the cargo's intracellular destination. Cargo adaptors identified thus far include BicD2, Hook3, FIP3 and Spindly.[10] The light intermediate chain, which is a member of the Ras superfamily, mediates the attachment of several cargo adaptors to the dynein motor.[11] The other tail subunits may also help facilitate this interaction as evidenced in a low resolution structure of dynein-dynactin-BicD2.[12]
One major form of motor regulation within cells for dynein is dynactin. It may be required for almost all cytoplasmic dynein functions.[13] Currently, it is the best studied dynein partner. Dynactin is a protein that aids in intracellular transport throughout the cell by linking to cytoplasmic dynein. Dynactin can function as a scaffold for other proteins to bind to. It also functions as a recruiting factor that localizes dynein to where it should be.[14][15] There is also some evidence suggesting that it may regulate kinesin-2.[16] The dynactin complex is composed of more than 20 subunits,[17] of which p150(Glued) is the largest.[18] There is no definitive evidence that dynactin by itself affects the velocity of the motor. It does, however, affect the processivity of the motor.[19] The binding regulation is likely allosteric: experiments have shown that the enhancements provided in the processivity of the dynein motor do not depend on the p150 subunit binding domain to the microtubules.[20]
Axonemal dynein
Axonemal dyneins come in multiple forms that contain either one, two or three non-identical heavy chains (depending upon the organism and location in the cilium). Each heavy chain has a globular motor domain with a doughnut-shaped structure believed to resemble that of other AAA proteins, a coiled coil "stalk" that binds to the microtubule, and an extended tail (or "stem") that attaches to a neighboring microtubule of the same axoneme. Each dynein molecule thus forms a cross-bridge between two adjacent microtubules of the ciliary axoneme. During the "power stroke", which causes movement, the AAA ATPase motor domain undergoes a conformational change that causes the microtubule-binding stalk to pivot relative to the cargo-binding tail with the result that one microtubule slides relative to the other (Karp, 2005). This sliding produces the bending movement needed for cilia to beat and propel the cell or other particles. Groups of dynein molecules responsible for movement in opposite directions are probably activated and inactivated in a coordinated fashion so that the cilia or flagella can move back and forth. The radial spoke has been proposed as the (or one of the) structures that synchronizes this movement.
The regulation of axonemal dynein activity is critical for flagellar beat frequency and cilia waveform. Modes of axonemal dynein regulation include phosphorylation, redox, and calcium. Mechanical forces on the axoneme also affect anoxemal dynein function. The heavy chains of inner and outer arms of axonemal dynein are phosphorylated/dephosphorylated to control the rate of microtubule sliding. Thioredoxins associated with the other axonemal dynein arms are oxidized/reduced to regulate where dynein binds in the axoneme. Centerin and components of the outer axonemal dynein arms detect fluctuations in calcium concentration. Calcium fluctuations play an important role in altering cilia waveform and flagellar beat frequency (King, 2012).[21]
History
The protein responsible for movement of cilia and flagella was first discovered and named dynein in 1963 (Karp, 2005). 20 years later, cytoplasmic dynein, which had been suspected to exist since the discovery of flagellar dynein, was isolated and identified (Karp, 2005).
Chromosome segregation during meiosis
Segregation of homologous chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell occurs during the first division of meiosis. Proper segregation is essential for producing haploid meiotic products with a normal complement of chromosomes. The formation of chiasmata (crossover recombination events) appears to generally facilitate proper segregation. However, in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, when chiasmata are absent, dynein promotes segregation.[22] Dhc1, the motor subunit of dynein, is required for chromosomal segregation in both the presence and absence of chiasmata.[22] The dynein light chain Dlc1 protein is also required for segregation, specifically when chiasmata are absent.
See also
References
- ^ a b c Gerald Karp; Kurt Beginnen; Sebastian Vogel; Susanne Kuhlmann-Krieg (2005). Molekulare Zellbiologie (in French). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-23857-7.
- ^ Samora CP, Mogessie B, Conway L, Ross JL, Straube A, McAinsh AD (August 2011). "MAP4 and CLASP1 operate as a safety mechanism to maintain a stable spindle position in mitosis". Nature Cell Biology. 13 (9): 1040–50. doi:10.1038/ncb2297. PMID 21822276.
- ^ Kiyomitsu T, Cheeseman IM (February 2012). "Chromosome- and spindle-pole-derived signals generate an intrinsic code for spindle position and orientation". Nature Cell Biology. 14 (3): 311–7. doi:10.1038/ncb2440. PMC 3290711
. PMID 22327364.
- ^ Eshel D, Urrestarazu LA, Vissers S, Jauniaux JC, van Vliet-Reedijk JC, Planta RJ, Gibbons IR (December 1993). "Cytoplasmic dynein is required for normal nuclear segregation in yeast". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (23): 11172–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.23.11172. PMC 47944
. PMID 8248224.
- ^ Li YY, Yeh E, Hays T, Bloom K (November 1993). "Disruption of mitotic spindle orientation in a yeast dynein mutant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (21): 10096–100. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.21.10096. PMC 47720
. PMID 8234262.
- ^ Carminati JL, Stearns T (August 1997). "Microtubules orient the mitotic spindle in yeast through dynein-dependent interactions with the cell cortex". The Journal of Cell Biology. 138 (3): 629–41. doi:10.1083/jcb.138.3.629. PMC 2141630
. PMID 9245791.
- ^ Lee WL, Oberle JR, Cooper JA (February 2003). "The role of the lissencephaly protein Pac1 during nuclear migration in budding yeast". The Journal of Cell Biology. 160 (3): 355–64. doi:10.1083/jcb.200209022. PMC 2172672
. PMID 12566428.
- ^ Lee WL, Kaiser MA, Cooper JA (January 2005). "The offloading model for dynein function: differential function of motor subunits". The Journal of Cell Biology. 168 (2): 201–7. doi:10.1083/jcb.200407036. PMC 2171595
. PMID 15642746.
- ^ PDB: 4RH7; Carter AP (February 2013). "Crystal clear insights into how the dynein motor moves". Journal of Cell Science. 126 (Pt 3): 705–13. doi:10.1242/jcs.120725. PMID 23525020.
- ^ a b McKenney RJ, Huynh W, Tanenbaum ME, Bhabha G, Vale RD (July 2014). "Activation of cytoplasmic dynein motility by dynactin-cargo adapter complexes". Science. 345 (6194): 337–41. doi:10.1126/science.1254198. PMC 4224444
. PMID 25035494.
- ^ Schroeder CM, Ostrem JM, Hertz NT, Vale RD (October 2014). "A Ras-like domain in the light intermediate chain bridges the dynein motor to a cargo-binding region". eLife. 3: e03351. doi:10.7554/eLife.03351. PMC 4359372
. PMID 25272277.
- ^ Urnavicius L, Zhang K, Diamant AG, Motz C, Schlager MA, Yu M, Patel NA, Robinson CV, Carter AP (March 2015). "The structure of the dynactin complex and its interaction with dynein". Science. 347 (6229): 1441–6. doi:10.1126/science.aaa4080. PMC 4413427
. PMID 25814576.
- ^ Karki, Sher; Holzbaur, Erika LF (1999-02-01). "Cytoplasmic dynein and dynactin in cell division and intracellular transport". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 11 (1): 45–53. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(99)80006-4.
- ^ Moughamian, Armen J.; Osborn, Gregory E.; Lazarus, Jacob E.; Maday, Sandra; Holzbaur, Erika L.F. (2013-08-07). "Ordered Recruitment of Dynactin to the Microtubule Plus-End is Required for Efficient Initiation of Retrograde Axonal Transport". The Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (32): 13190–13203. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0935-13.2013. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 3735891
. PMID 23926272.
- ^ Moughamian, Armen J.; Holzbaur, Erika L. F. (2012-04-26). "Dynactin Is Required for Transport Initiation from the Distal Axon". Neuron. 74 (2): 331–343. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.025. PMC 3347924
. PMID 22542186.
- ^ Berezuk, Matthew A.; Schroer, Trina A. (2007-02-01). "Dynactin enhances the processivity of kinesin-2". Traffic. 8 (2): 124–129. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00517.x. ISSN 1398-9219. PMID 17181772.
- ^ Urnavicius, Linas; Zhang, Kai; Diamant, Aristides G.; Motz, Carina; Schlager, Max A.; Yu, Minmin; Patel, Nisha A.; Robinson, Carol V.; Carter, Andrew P. (2015-03-27). "The structure of the dynactin complex and its interaction with dynein". Science. 347 (6229): 1441–1446. doi:10.1126/science.aaa4080. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 4413427
. PMID 25814576.
- ^ Schroer, Trina A. (2004-10-08). "DYNACTIN". https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.012103.094623. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.012103.094623. Retrieved 2017-05-14. External link in
|website=
(help) - ^ King, S. J.; Schroer, T. A. (2000-01-01). "Dynactin increases the processivity of the cytoplasmic dynein motor". Nature Cell Biology. 2 (1): 20–24. doi:10.1038/71338. ISSN 1465-7392. PMID 10620802.
- ^ Kardon, Julia R.; Reck-Peterson, Samara L.; Vale, Ronald D. (2009-04-07). "Regulation of the processivity and intracellular localization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae dynein by dynactin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (14): 5669–5674. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900976106. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 2657088
. PMID 19293377.
- ^ King, Stephen M. (2017-05-08). "Integrated Control of Axonemal Dynein AAA+ Motors". 179 (2): 222–228. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2012.02.013. ISSN 1047-8477. PMC 3378790
. PMID 22406539.
- ^ a b Davis L, Smith GR (June 2005). "Dynein promotes achiasmate segregation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe". Genetics. 170 (2): 581–90. doi:10.1534/genetics.104.040253. PMC 1450395
. PMID 15802518.
Further reading
- Karp G (2005). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 346–358. ISBN 0-471-19279-1.
- Schroer TA (2004). "Dynactin". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 20: 759–79. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.012103.094623. PMID 15473859.
External links
- Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class LIG_Dynein_DLC8_1
- The Dynein Homepage
- Ron Vale's Seminar: "Molecular Motor Proteins"
- Dynein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- EC 3.6.4.2
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This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.
Dynein heavy chain, N-terminal region 2 Provide feedback
Dyneins are described as motor proteins of eukaryotic cells, as they can convert energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP to force and movement along cytoskeletal polymers, such as microtubules. This region is found C-terminal to the dynein heavy chain N-terminal region 1 (PF08385) in many members of this family. No functions seem to have been attributed specifically to this region.
This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.
InterPro entry IPR013602
Dyneins are described as motor proteins of eukaryotic cells, as they can convert energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP to force and movement along cytoskeletal polymers, such as microtubules. Dyneins generally contain one to three heavy chains, where each heavy chain consists of a C-terminal globular head, a flexible microtubule-binding stalk, and a flexible N-terminal tail known as the cargo-binding domain [PUBMED:15661525]. The two categories of dyneins are the axonemal dyneins, which produce the bending motions that propagate along cilia and flagella, and the cytosolic dyneins, which drive a variety of fundamental cellular processes including nuclear migration, organisation of the mitotic spindle, chromosome separation during mitosis, and the positioning and function of many intracellular organelles. Cytoplasmic dyneins contain several accessory subunits ranging from light to intermediate chains.
This entry represents a region found C-terminal to the dynein heavy chain N-terminal region 1 (INTERPRO) in many members of this family. No functions seem to have been attributed specifically to this region.
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Full (6306) |
Representative proteomes | UniProt (8735) |
NCBI (14127) |
Meta (89) |
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RP15 (2354) |
RP35 (3806) |
RP55 (5116) |
RP75 (5979) |
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This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.
Curation
Seed source: | Pfam-B_3094 (release 18.0) |
Previous IDs: | none |
Type: | Family |
Sequence Ontology: | SO:0100021 |
Author: |
Fenech M |
Number in seed: | 664 |
Number in full: | 6306 |
Average length of the domain: | 364.90 aa |
Average identity of full alignment: | 27 % |
Average coverage of the sequence by the domain: | 10.44 % |
HMM information
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build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED
search method: hmmsearch -Z 45638612 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq
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Model length: | 397 | ||||||||||||
Family (HMM) version: | 13 | ||||||||||||
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Structures
For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the DHC_N2 domain has been found. There are 23 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein sequence.
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