Summary: Beta2-adaptin appendage, C-terminal sub-domain

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Wikipedia: B2-adapt-app C
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B2-adapt-app C Edit Wikipedia article

B2-adapt-app_C

beta2-adaptin appendage domain, from clathrin adaptor ap2

Identifiers

Symbol

B2-adapt-app_C

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

In molecular biology, this domain, beta2-adaptin is involved in helping cell trafficking by aiding import and export of substances in and out of the cell. This entry refers in particular to the C terminal domain.

Function

This is an adaptor protein which helps the formation of a clathrin coat around a vesicle.

Structure

This entry represents a subdomain of the appendage (ear) domain of beta-adaptin from AP clathrin adaptor complexes. This domain has a three-layer arrangement, alpha-beta-alpha, with a bifurcated antiparallel beta-sheet.^[1] This domain is required for binding to clathrin, and its subsequent polymerisation. Furthermore, a hydrophobic patch present in the domain also binds to a subset of D-phi-F/W motif-containing proteins that are bound by the alpha-adaptin appendage domain (epsin, AP180, eps15).^[2]

Cell trafficking

Proteins synthesized on the ribosome and processed in the endoplasmic reticulum are transported from the Golgi apparatus to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), and from there via small carrier vesicles to their final destination compartment. These vesicles have specific coat proteins (such as clathrin or coatomer) that are important for cargo selection and direction of transport.^[3] Clathrin coats contain both clathrin (acts as a scaffold) and adaptor complexes that link clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles. Clathrin-associated protein complexes are believed to interact with the cytoplasmic tails of membrane proteins, leading to their selection and concentration. The two major types of clathrin adaptor complexes are the heterotetrameric adaptor protein (AP) complexes, and the monomeric GGA (Golgi-localising, Gamma-adaptin ear domain homology, ARF-binding proteins) adaptors.^[4]^[5]

AP (adaptor protein) complexes are found in coated vesicles and clathrin-coated pits. AP complexes connect cargo proteins and lipids to clathrin at vesicle budding sites, as well as binding accessory proteins that regulate coat assembly and disassembly (such as AP180, epsins and auxilin). There are different AP complexes in mammals. AP1 is responsible for the transport of lysosomal hydrolases between the TGN and endosomes.^[6] AP2 associates with the plasma membrane and is responsible for endocytosis.^[7] AP3 is responsible for protein trafficking to lysosomes and other related organelles.^[8] AP4 is less well characterised. AP complexes are heterotetramers composed of two large subunits (adaptins), a medium subunit (mu) and a small subunit (sigma). For example, in AP1 these subunits are gamma-1-adaptin, beta-1-adaptin, mu-1 and sigma-1, while in AP2 they are alpha-adaptin, beta-2-adaptin, mu-2 and sigma-2. Each subunit has a specific function. Adaptins recognise and bind to clathrin through their hinge region (clathrin box), and recruit accessory proteins that modulate AP function through their C-terminal ear (appendage) domains. Mu recognises tyrosine-based sorting signals within the cytoplasmic domains of transmembrane cargo proteins.^[9] One function of clathrin and AP2 complex-mediated endocytosis is to regulate the number of GABA(A) receptors available at the cell surface .^[10]

More information about these proteins can be found at Protein of the Month: Clathrin .

References

^ Traub LM, Downs MA, Westrich JL, Fremont DH (August 1999). "Crystal structure of the alpha appendage of AP-2 reveals a recruitment platform for clathrin-coat assembly". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (16): 8907–12. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.16.8907. PMC 17706. PMID 10430869.
^ Owen DJ, Vallis Y, Pearse BM, McMahon HT, Evans PR (August 2000). "The structure and function of the beta 2-adaptin appendage domain". EMBO J. 19 (16): 4216â27. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.16.4216. PMC 302036. PMID 10944104.
^ McMahon HT, Mills IG (August 2004). "COP and clathrin-coated vesicle budding: different pathways, common approaches". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 16 (4): 379â91. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2004.06.009. PMID 15261670.
^ Voglmaier SM, Edwards RH (June 2007). "Do different endocytic pathways make different synaptic vesicles?". Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 17 (3): 374â80. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2007.04.002. PMID 17449236.
^ Boehm M, Bonifacino JS (October 2001). "Adaptins: the final recount". Mol. Biol. Cell 12 (10): 2907â20. doi:10.1091/mbc.12.10.2907. PMC 60144. PMID 11598180.
^ Touz MC, Kulakova L, Nash TE (July 2004). "Adaptor protein complex 1 mediates the transport of lysosomal proteins from a Golgi-like organelle to peripheral vacuoles in the primitive eukaryote Giardia lamblia". Mol. Biol. Cell 15 (7): 3053â60. doi:10.1091/mbc.E03-10-0744. PMC 452563. PMID 15107467.
^ Conner SD, Schmid SL (September 2003). "Differential requirements for AP-2 in clathrin-mediated endocytosis". J. Cell Biol. 162 (5): 773â9. doi:10.1083/jcb.200304069. PMC 2172816. PMID 12952931.
^ Gupta SN, Kloster MM, Rodionov DG, Bakke O (June 2006). "Re-routing of the invariant chain to the direct sorting pathway by introduction of an AP3-binding motif from LIMP II". Eur. J. Cell Biol. 85 (6): 457â67. doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2006.02.001. PMID 16542748.
^ Haucke V, Wenk MR, Chapman ER, Farsad K, De Camilli P (November 2000). "Dual interaction of synaptotagmin with mu2- and alpha-adaptin facilitates clathrin-coated pit nucleation". EMBO J. 19 (22): 6011â9. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.22.6011. PMC 305843. PMID 11080148.
^ Kanematsu T, Fujii M, Mizokami A, Kittler JT, Nabekura J, Moss SJ, Hirata M (May 2007). "Phospholipase C-related inactive protein is implicated in the constitutive internalization of GABAA receptors mediated by clathrin and AP2 adaptor complex". J. Neurochem. 101 (4): 898â905. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04399.x. PMID 17254016.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR015151

This page is based on a Wikipedia article. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.

This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.

Beta2-adaptin appendage, C-terminal sub-domain Provide feedback

Members of this family adopt a structure consisting of a 5 stranded beta-sheet, flanked by one alpha helix on the outer side, and by two alpha helices on the inner side. This domain is required for binding to clathrin, and its subsequent polymerisation. Furthermore, a hydrophobic patch present in the domain also binds to a subset of D-phi-F/W motif-containing proteins that are bound by the alpha-adaptin appendage domain (epsin, AP180, eps15) [1].

Literature references

Owen DJ, Vallis Y, Pearse BM, McMahon HT, Evans PR; , EMBO J. 2000;19:4216-4227.: The structure and function of the beta 2-adaptin appendage domain. PUBMED:10944104 EPMC:10944104

External database links

PANDIT:	PF09066
Pseudofam:	PF09066
SCOP:	1e42
SYSTERS:	B2-adapt-app_C

This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.

InterPro entry IPR015151

This entry represents a subdomain of the appendage (ear) domain of beta-adaptin. This domain has a three-layer arrangement, alpha-beta-alpha, with a bifurcated antiparallel beta-sheet [PUBMED:10430869]. This domain is required for binding to clathrin, and its subsequent polymerisation. Furthermore, a hydrophobic patch present in the domain also binds to a subset of D-phi-F/W motif-containing proteins that are bound by the alpha-adaptin appendage domain (epsin, AP180, eps15) [PUBMED:10944104].

Gene Ontology

The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.

Cellular component	clathrin adaptor complex (GO:0030131)
Biological process	intracellular protein transport (GO:0006886)
Biological process	vesicle-mediated transport (GO:0016192)

Domain organisation

Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...

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Alignments

We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...

There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. We provide several sequence viewers and a plain-text Stockholm-format file for download.

Alignment types

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family:

seed: the curated alignment from which the HMM for the family is built
full: the alignment generated by searching the sequence database using the HMM
RP15/RP35/RP55/RP75: Representative Proteomes (RPs) at 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% co-membership thresholds
NCBI: alignment generated by searching the NCBI sequence database using the family HMM
meta: alignment generated by searching the metagenomics sequence database using the family HMM

Viewing

You can see the alignments as HTML or in three different sequence viewers:

jalview: a Java applet developed at the University of Dundee. You will need Java installed before running jalview
HTML: an HTML page showing the whole alignment.Please note: full Pfam alignments can be very large. These HTML views are extremely large and often cause problems for browsers. Please use either jalview or the Pfam viewer if you have trouble viewing the HTML version
PP/Heatmap: an HTML-based representation of the alignment, coloured according to the posterior-probability (PP) values from the HMM. As for the standard HTML view, heatmap alignments can also be very large and slow to render.
Pfam viewer: an HTML-based viewer that uses DAS to retrieve alignment fragments on request

Reformatting

You can download (or view in your browser) a text representation of a Pfam alignment in various formats:

Selex
Stockholm
FASTA
MSF

You can also change the order in which sequences are listed in the alignment, change how insertions are represented, alter the characters that are used to represent gaps in sequences and, finally, choose whether to download the alignment or to view it in your browser directly.

Downloading

You may find that large alignments cause problems for the viewers and the reformatting tool, so we also provide all alignments in Stockholm format. You can download either the plain text alignment, or a gzipped version of it.

View options

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.

	Seed (31)	Full (409)	Representative proteomes				NCBI (427)	Meta (5)
	Seed (31)	Full (409)	RP15 (86)	RP35 (125)	RP55 (180)	RP75 (246)	NCBI (427)	Meta (5)
Jalview	View	View	View	View	View	View	View	View
HTML	View	View	View	View	View	View
PP/heatmap	₁	View	View	View	View	View
Pfam viewer	View	View

¹Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available

Key: available, not generated, — not available.

Format an alignment

	Seed (31)	Full (409)	Representative proteomes				NCBI (427)	Meta (5)
	Seed (31)	Full (409)	RP15 (86)	RP35 (125)	RP55 (180)	RP75 (246)	NCBI (427)	Meta (5)
Alignment:
Format:
Order:	Tree Alphabetical
Sequence:	Inserts lower case All upper case
Gaps:
Download/view:	Download View

Download options

We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.

	Seed (31)	Full (409)	Representative proteomes				NCBI (427)	Meta (5)
	Seed (31)	Full (409)	RP15 (86)	RP35 (125)	RP55 (180)	RP75 (246)	NCBI (427)	Meta (5)
Raw Stockholm	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download
Gzipped	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download

You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.

External links

MyHits provides a collection of tools to handle multiple sequence alignments. For example, one can refine a seed alignment (sequence addition or removal, re-alignment or manual edition) and then search databases for remote homologs using HMMER3.

HMM logo

HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...

Trees

This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.

Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.

Curation and family details

This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.

Curation

Seed source:

pdb_1e42

Previous IDs:

none

Type:

Domain

Author:

Sammut SJ

Number in seed:

31

Number in full:

409

Average length of the domain:

109.50 aa

Average identity of full alignment:

33 %

Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:

13.65 %

HMM information

HMM build commands:

build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED

search method: hmmsearch -Z 23193494 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq

Model details:

Parameter	Sequence	Domain
Gathering cut-off	21.1	21.1
Trusted cut-off	21.4	21.1
Noise cut-off	21.0	20.9

Model length:

114

Family (HMM) version:

5

Download:

download the raw HMM for this family

Species distribution

Sunburst
Tree

Sunburst controls

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This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab. More...

This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.

How the sunburst is generated

The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.

In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:

superkingdom
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Colouring and labels

Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.

As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.

Anomalies in the taxonomy tree

There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.

Missing taxonomic levels

Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.

Unmapped species names

The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.

So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".

Sub-species

Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.

Too many species/sequences

For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.

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Tree controls

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The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...

Species trees

We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.

Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.

If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.

Interactive tree

For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.

We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.

Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.

We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.

You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:

show/hide the summary boxes
highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
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Interactions

There is 1 interaction for this family. More...

Alpha_adaptinC2

Structures

For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the B2-adapt-app_C domain has been found. There are 8 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein seqence.

Loading structure mapping...

Archea	Eukaryota
Bacteria	Other sequences
Viruses	Unclassified
Viroids	Unclassified sequence

Family: B2-adapt-app_C (PF09066)

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