Summary: Pleckstrin homology domain

Pfam includes annotations and additional family information from a range of different sources. These sources can be accessed via the tabs below.

Wikipedia: Pleckstrin homology domain
Pfam
InterPro

This is the Wikipedia entry entitled "Pleckstrin homology domain". More...

The Wikipedia text that you see displayed here is a download from Wikipedia. This means that the information we display is a copy of the information from the Wikipedia database. The button next to the article title ("Edit Wikipedia article") takes you to the edit page for the article directly within Wikipedia. You should be aware you are not editing our local copy of this information. Any changes that you make to the Wikipedia article will not be displayed here until we next download the article from Wikipedia. We currently download new content on a nightly basis.

Does Pfam agree with the content of the Wikipedia entry ?

Pfam has chosen to link families to Wikipedia articles. In some case we have created or edited these articles but in many other cases we have not made any direct contribution to the content of the article. The Wikipedia community does monitor edits to try to ensure that (a) the quality of article annotation increases, and (b) vandalism is very quickly dealt with. However, we would like to emphasise that Pfam does not curate the Wikipedia entries and we cannot guarantee the accuracy of the information on the Wikipedia page.

Editing Wikipedia articles

Before you edit for the first time

Wikipedia is a free, online encyclopedia. Although anyone can edit or contribute to an article, Wikipedia has some strong editing guidelines and policies, which promote the Wikipedia standard of style and etiquette. Your edits and contributions are more likely to be accepted (and remain) if they are in accordance with this policy.

You should take a few minutes to view the following pages:

How your contribution will be recorded

Anyone can edit a Wikipedia entry. You can do this either as a new user or you can register with Wikipedia and log on. When you click on the "Edit Wikipedia article" button, your browser will direct you to the edit page for this entry in Wikipedia. If you are a registered user and currently logged in, your changes will be recorded under your Wikipedia user name. However, if you are not a registered user or are not logged on, your changes will be logged under your computer's IP address. This has two main implications. Firstly, as a registered Wikipedia user your edits are more likely seen as valuable contribution (although all edits are open to community scrutiny regardless). Secondly, if you edit under an IP address you may be sharing this IP address with other users. If your IP address has previously been blocked (due to being flagged as a source of 'vandalism') your edits will also be blocked. You can find more information on this and creating a user account at Wikipedia.

If you have problems editing a particular page, contact us at pfam-help@sanger.ac.uk and we will try to help.

Contact us

The community annotation is a new facility of the Pfam web site. If you have problems editing or experience problems with these pages please contact us.

Pleckstrin homology domain Edit Wikipedia article

Pleckstrin homology domain (PH domain) is a protein region of approximately 120 amino acids that can bind phosphoinositides (such as inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate), the Î²Î³-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins and protein kinase C. Through these interactions, the PH domain plays a role in thr membrane recruitment of proteins containing the PH domain, thus targeting them to appropriate cellular compartment or enabling them to interact with other components of the signal transduction pathways.

This biochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This page is based on a Wikipedia article. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.

This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.

Pleckstrin homology domain Provide feedback

No Pfam abstract.

Literature references

Hanawa-Suetsugu K, Kukimoto-Niino M, Mishima-Tsumagari C, Akasaka R, Ohsawa N, Sekine S, Ito T, Tochio N, Koshiba S, Kigawa T, Terada T, Shirouzu M, Nishikimi A, Uruno T, Katakai T, Kinashi T, Kohda D, Fukui Y, Yokoyama S;, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:3305-3310.: Structural basis for mutual relief of the Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor DOCK2 and its partner ELMO1 from their autoinhibited forms. PUBMED:22331897 EPMC:22331897
Komander D, Patel M, Laurin M, Fradet N, Pelletier A, Barford D, Cote JF;, Mol Biol Cell. 2008;19:4837-4851.: An alpha-helical extension of the ELMO1 pleckstrin homology domain mediates direct interaction to DOCK180 and is critical in Rac signaling. PUBMED:18768751 EPMC:18768751

Internal database links

SCOOP:	PH PH_14
Similarity to PfamA using HHSearch:	Mcp5_PH ZFYVE21_C PH_14

This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.

InterPro entry IPR001849

Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains are small modular domains that occur in a large variety of proteins. The domains can bind phosphatidylinositol within biological membranes and proteins such as the beta/gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins [ PUBMED:8074669 ] and protein kinase C [ PUBMED:7522330 ]. Through these interactions, PH domains play a role in recruiting proteins to different membranes, thus targeting them to appropriate cellular compartments or enabling them to interact with other components of the signal transduction pathways.

PH domains have been found to possess inserted domains (such as in PLC gamma, syntrophins) and to be inserted within other domains. Mutations in Brutons tyrosine kinase (Btk) within its PH domain cause X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) in patients. Point mutations cluster into the positively charged end of the molecule around the predicted binding site for phosphatidylinositol lipids.

The 3D structure of several PH domains has been determined [ PUBMED:7634082 ]. All known cases have a common structure consisting of two perpendicular anti-parallel beta sheets, followed by a C-terminal amphipathic helix. The loops connecting the beta-strands differ greatly in length, making the PH domain relatively difficult to detect. There are no totally invariant residues within the PH domain.

Proteins reported to contain one more PH domains belong to the following families:

Pleckstrin, the protein where this domain was first detected, is the major substrate of protein kinase C in platelets. Pleckstrin is one of the rare proteins to contains two PH domains.
Ser/Thr protein kinases such as the Akt/Rac family, the beta-adrenergic receptor kinases, the mu isoform of PKC and the trypanosomal NrkA family.
Tyrosine protein kinases belonging to the Btk/Itk/Tec subfamily.
Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 (IRS-1).
Regulators of small G-proteins like guanine nucleotide releasing factor GNRP (Ras-GRF) (which contains 2 PH domains), guanine nucleotide exchange proteins like vav, dbl, SoS and Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC24, GTPase activating proteins like rasGAP and BEM2/IPL2, and the human break point cluster protein bcr.
Cytoskeletal proteins such as dynamin (see INTERPRO ), Caenorhabditis elegans kinesin-like protein unc-104 (see INTERPRO ), spectrin beta-chain, syntrophin (2 PH domains) and S. cerevisiae nuclear migration protein NUM1.
Mammalian phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) (see INTERPRO ) isoforms gamma and delta. Isoform gamma contains two PH domains, the second one is split into two parts separated by about 400 residues.
Oxysterol binding proteins OSBP, S. cerevisiae OSH1 and YHR073w.
Mouse protein citron, a putative rho/rac effector that binds to the GTP-bound forms of rho and rac.
Several S. cerevisiae proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and bud formation like BEM2, BEM3, BUD4 and the BEM1-binding proteins BOI2 (BEB1) and BOI1 (BOB1).
C. elegans protein MIG-10.
C. elegans hypothetical proteins C04D8.1, K06H7.4 and ZK632.12.
S. cerevisiae hypothetical proteins YBR129c and YHR155w.

Domain organisation

Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...

Loading domain graphics...

Pfam Clan

This family is a member of clan PH (CL0266), which has the following description:

Members of this clan share a PH-like fold. Many families in this clan bind to short peptide motifs in proteins and are involved in signalling.

The clan contains the following 87 members:

ASK_PH BBL5 bPH_1 bPH_2 bPH_3 bPH_4 bPH_5 bPH_6 CARM1 Carm_PH Cybc1_Eros DCP1 DM10_dom DUF1681 DUF2244 DUF2550 DUF3093 DUF3203 DUF3389 DUF5629 DUF5673 DUF956 DUF986 EbsA FERM_C Glycoprot_B_PH1 Glycoprot_B_PH2 GRAM hSac2 ICAP-1_inte_bdg Inp1 INPP5B_PH IQ_SEC7_PH IRS ISP1_C ISP3_C Jak1_Phl Mcp5_PH Meiotic_rec114 Myosin_TH1 OCRL_clath_bd PH PH_10 PH_11 PH_12 PH_13 PH_14 PH_15 PH_16 PH_17 PH_18 PH_19 PH_2 PH_20 PH_3 PH_4 PH_5 PH_6 PH_8 PH_9 PH_BEACH PH_RBD PH_TFIIH PID PID_2 POB3_N Proteasom_Rpn13 PTB Ran_BP1 Rtt106 SCAB-PH Sec3-PIP2_bind Sharpin_PH SIN1_PH SNX17_FERM_C SPT16 SSrecog SYCP2_SLD UCH_N VID27_N VID27_PH Voldacs Vps36_ESCRT-II WH1 Ycf4 YcxB ZFYVE21_C

Alignments

We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database (reference proteomes) using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets and the UniProtKB sequence database. More...

There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. We provide several sequence viewers and a plain-text Stockholm-format file for download.

Alignment types

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family:

seed: the curated alignment from which the HMM for the family is built
full: the alignment generated by searching the sequence database using the HMM
RP15/RP35/RP55/RP75: Representative Proteomes (RPs) at 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% co-membership thresholds
UniProt: alignment generated by searching the UniProtKB sequence database using the family HMM

Viewing

You can see the alignments as HTML or in three different sequence viewers:

jalview: a Java applet developed at the University of Dundee. You will need Java installed before running jalview
HTML: an HTML page showing the whole alignment.Please note: full Pfam alignments can be very large. These HTML views are extremely large and often cause problems for browsers. Please use either jalview or the Pfam viewer if you have trouble viewing the HTML version
PP/Heatmap: an HTML-based representation of the alignment, coloured according to the posterior-probability (PP) values from the HMM. As for the standard HTML view, heatmap alignments can also be very large and slow to render.

Reformatting

You can download (or view in your browser) a text representation of a Pfam alignment in various formats:

Selex
Stockholm
FASTA
MSF

You can also change the order in which sequences are listed in the alignment, change how insertions are represented, alter the characters that are used to represent gaps in sequences and, finally, choose whether to download the alignment or to view it in your browser directly.

Downloading

You may find that large alignments cause problems for the viewers and the reformatting tool, so we also provide all alignments in Stockholm format. You can download either the plain text alignment, or a gzipped version of it.

View options

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.

	Seed (60)	Full (5509)	Representative proteomes				UniProt (8965)
	Seed (60)	Full (5509)	RP15 (639)	RP35 (1790)	RP55 (4056)	RP75 (5625)	UniProt (8965)
Jalview	View	View	View	View	View	View	View
HTML	View
PP/heatmap	₁

¹Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available

Key: available, not generated, — not available.

Format an alignment

	Seed (60)	Full (5509)	Representative proteomes				UniProt (8965)
	Seed (60)	Full (5509)	RP15 (639)	RP35 (1790)	RP55 (4056)	RP75 (5625)	UniProt (8965)
Alignment:
Format:
Order:	Tree Alphabetical
Sequence:	Inserts lower case All upper case
Gaps:
Download/view:	Download View

Download options

We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.

	Seed (60)	Full (5509)	Representative proteomes				UniProt (8965)
	Seed (60)	Full (5509)	RP15 (639)	RP35 (1790)	RP55 (4056)	RP75 (5625)	UniProt (8965)
Raw Stockholm	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download
Gzipped	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download

You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.

HMM logo

HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...

Trees

This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.

Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.

Curation and family details

This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.

Curation

Seed source:

PDB:2vsz

Previous IDs:

none

Type:

Domain

Sequence Ontology:

SO:0000417

Author:

Eberhardt R

Number in seed:

60

Number in full:

5509

Average length of the domain:

122.5 aa

Average identity of full alignment:

32 %

Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:

14.03 %

HMM information

HMM build commands:

build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED

search method: hmmsearch -Z 61295632 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq

Model details:

Parameter	Sequence	Domain
Gathering cut-off	27.0	27.0
Trusted cut-off	27.0	27.0
Noise cut-off	26.9	26.9

Model length:

134

Family (HMM) version:

8

Download:

download the raw HMM for this family

Species distribution

Sunburst
Tree

Sunburst controls

Hide

Weight segments by...

number of sequences
number of species

Change the size of the sunburst

Small

Large

Colour assignments

Archea	Eukaryota
Bacteria	Other sequences
Viruses	Unclassified
Viroids	Unclassified sequence

Selections

Align selected sequences to HMM

Generate a FASTA-format file

Clear selection

This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab. More...

This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.

How the sunburst is generated

The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.

In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:

superkingdom
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Colouring and labels

Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.

As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.

Anomalies in the taxonomy tree

There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.

Missing taxonomic levels

Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.

Unmapped species names

The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.

So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".

Sub-species

Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.

Too many species/sequences

For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.

Loading sunburst data...

Tree controls

Hide

The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...

Species trees

We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.

Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.

If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.

Interactive tree

For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.

We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.

Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.

We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.

You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:

show/hide the summary boxes
highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
save a plain text representation of the tree

Loading...

Please note: for large trees this can take some time. While the tree is loading, you can safely switch away from this tab but if you browse away from the family page entirely, the tree will not be loaded.

Structures

For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the PH_12 domain has been found. There are 10 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein sequence.

Loading structure mapping...

AlphaFold Structure Predictions

The list of proteins below match this family and have AlphaFold predicted structures. Click on the protein accession to view the predicted structure.

Protein	Predicted structure	External Information
A0A044VBV8	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A077Z5L2	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A0D2GQV9	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A0G2KRJ3	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A0K0E3E1	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A0K0EF02	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A0N4U7S9	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A0R0GIK8	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A0R0IEG5	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A0R0IUD7	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A0R0KPM3	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A0R4IHP8	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A158Q6H7	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A175W9H4	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A1C1CKA5	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A1D6E1T8	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A1D6E4Z3	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A1D6G2V2	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A1D6HG44	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A1D6Q734	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A1I9LTP1	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A1P8BCA2	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A2K6VMX8	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A2R8PZX9	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A2R8RJ32	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A2R8RVV2	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A3P7DPL6	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A3P7FQF7	View 3D Structure	Click here
A2AP18	View 3D Structure	Click here
A4FUD6	View 3D Structure	Click here
A6QR40	View 3D Structure	Click here
A8XEZ1	View 3D Structure	Click here
C0NKN6	View 3D Structure	Click here
C1GTB3	View 3D Structure	Click here
D4AAX6	View 3D Structure	Click here
E7F8G4	View 3D Structure	Click here
F1M324	View 3D Structure	Click here
F1QAP6	View 3D Structure	Click here
F1QSV8	View 3D Structure	Click here
F4JVE8	View 3D Structure	Click here

Showing 40 matches

<<

<

Page 1 of 2

>

>>

Family: PH_12 (PF16457)

Jump to...