Summary: Eukaryotic porin
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Voltage-dependent anion channel Edit Wikipedia article
| Eukaryotic porin | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Crystal Structure of the Human Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel. The arrows denote the antiparallel beta sheets that form the characteristic beta-barrel | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | Porin_3 | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF01459 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR001925 | ||||||||
| PROSITE | PDOC00483 | ||||||||
| TCDB | 1.B.8 | ||||||||
| OPM superfamily | 189 | ||||||||
| OPM protein | 3emn | ||||||||
| CDD | cd07306 | ||||||||
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Voltage-dependent anion channels, or mitochondrial porins, are a class of porin ion channel located on the outer mitochondrial membrane.[1][2] There is debate as to whether or not this channel is expressed in the cell surface membrane.[3][4][5]
This major protein of the outer mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes forms a voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) that behaves as a general diffusion pore for small hydrophilic molecules.[6][7][8][9] The channel adopts an open conformation at low or zero membrane potential and a closed conformation at potentials above 30–40 mV. VDAC facilitates the exchange of ions and molecules between mitochondria and cytosol and is regulated by the interactions with other proteins and small molecules.[10]
Contents
Structure
This protein contains about 280 amino acids and forms a beta barrel which spans the mitochondrial outer membrane.[11][12]
Since its discovery in 1976, extensive function and structure analysis of VDAC proteins has been conducted. A prominent feature of the pore emerged: when reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers, there is a voltage-dependent switch between an anion-selective high-conductance state with high metabolite flux and a cation-selective low-conductance state with limited passage of metabolites.
More than 30 years after its initial discovery, in 2008, three independent structural projects of VDAC-1 were completed. The first was solved by multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The second applied a hybrid approach using crystallographic data. The third was for mouse VDAC-1 crystals determined by X-ray crystallographic techniques. The three projects of the 3D structures of VDAC-1 revealed many structural features. First, VDAC-1 represents a new structural class of outer membrane β-barrel proteins with an odd number of strands. Another aspect is that the negatively charged side chain of residue E73 is oriented towards the hydrophobic membrane environment. The 19-stranded 3D structure obtained under different experimental sources by three different laboratories fits the EM and AFM data from native membrane sources and represents a biologically relevant state of VDAC-1.[10]
Mechanism
At membrane potentials exceeding 30 mV (positive or negative), VDAC assumes a closed state, and transitions to its open state once the voltage drops below this threshold. Although both states allow passage of simple salts, VDAC is much more stringent with organic anions, a category into which most metabolites fall.[13] The precise mechanism for coupling voltage changes to conformational changes within the protein has not yet been worked out, but studies by Thomas et al. suggest that when the protein transitions to the closed form, voltage changes lead to the removal of a large section of the protein from the channel and decrease effective pore radius.[14] Several lysine residues, as well as Glu-152, have been implicated as especially important sensor residues within the protein.[15]
Biological function
The voltage-dependent ion channel plays a key role in regulating metabolic and energetic flux across the outer mitochondrial membrane. It is involved in the transport of ATP, ADP, pyruvate, malate, and other metabolites, and thus communicates extensively with enzymes from metabolic pathways.[13] The ATP-dependent cytosolic enzymes hexokinase, glucokinase, and glycerol kinase, as well as the mitochondrial enzyme creatine kinase, have all been found to bind to VDAC. This binding puts them in close proximity to ATP released from the mitochondria. In particular, the binding of hexokinase is presumed to play a key role in coupling glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation.[14] Additionally, VDAC is an important regulator of Ca2+ transport in and out of the mitochondria. Because Ca2+ is a cofactor for metabolic enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, energetic production and homeostasis are both affected by VDAC’s permeability to Ca2+.[16]
Disease relevance
VDAC has also been shown to play a role in apoptosis.[17] During apoptosis, increased permeability of VDAC allows for the release of apoptogenic factors such as cytochrome c. Although cyt. c plays an essential role in oxidative phosphorylation within the mitochondrion, in the cytosol it activates proteolytic enzymes called caspases, which play a major role in cell death.[18] Although the mechanism for VDAC-facilitated cyt. c release has not yet been fully elucidated, some research suggests that oligomerization between individual subunits may create a large flexible pore through which cyt. c can pass.[19] A more important factor is that release of cyt c. is also regulated by the Bcl-2 protein family: Bax interacts directly with VDAC to increase pore size and promote cyt. c release, while anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL produces the exact opposite effect.[20] In fact, it has been shown that antibodies that inhibit VDAC also interfere with Bax-mediated cyt. c release in both isolated mitochondria and whole cells.[21] This key role in apoptosis suggests VDAC as a potential target for chemotherapeutic drugs.
Examples
Yeast contains two members of this family (genes POR1 and POR2); vertebrates have at least three members (genes VDAC1, VDAC2 and VDAC3).[11]
Humans, like most higher eukaryotes, encode three different VDACs; VDAC1, VDAC2, and VDAC3. Together with TOMM40 and TOMM40L they represent a family of evolutionarily related β-barrels.[22]
Plants have the largest number of VDACs. Arabidopsis encode four different VDACs but this number can be larger in other species.[23]
References
- ^ Hoogenboom BW, Suda K, Engel A, Fotiadis D (2007). "The supramolecular assemblies of voltage-dependent anion channels in the native membrane". J. Mol. Biol. 370 (2): 246–55. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.04.073. PMID 17524423.
- ^ Blachly-Dyson, E; Forte, M (September 2001). "VDAC channels". IUBMB Life. 52 (3–5): 113–8. doi:10.1080/15216540152845902. PMID 11798022.
- ^ Sabirov RZ, Merzlyak PG (June 2012). "Plasmalemmal VDAC controversies and maxi-anion channel puzzle". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1818 (6): 1570–80. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.09.024. PMID 21986486.
- ^ De Pinto, V.; Messina, A.; Lane, D. J. R.; Lawen, A. (2010). "Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) in the plasma membrane". FEBS Letters. 584 (9): 1793–1799. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2010.02.049. PMID 20184885.
- ^ Niehage, C.; Steenblock, C.; Pursche, T.; Bornhäuser, M.; Corbeil, D.; Hoflack, B. (2011). Borlongan, Cesario V (ed.). "The Cell Surface Proteome of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells". PLoS ONE. 6 (5): e20399. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...620399N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020399. PMC 3102717. PMID 21637820.
- ^ Benz R (1994). "Permeation of hydrophilic solutes through mitochondrial outer membranes: review on mitochondrial porins". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1197 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1016/0304-4157(94)90004-3. PMID 8031826.
- ^ Mannella CA (1992). "The 'ins' and 'outs' of mitochondrial membrane channels". Trends Biochem. Sci. 17 (8): 315–320. doi:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90444-E. PMID 1384178.
- ^ Dihanich M (1990). "The biogenesis and function of eukaryotic porins". Experientia. 46 (2): 146–153. doi:10.1007/BF02027310. PMID 1689252.
- ^ Forte M, Guy HR, Mannella CA (1987). "Molecular genetics of the VDAC ion channel: structural model and sequence analysis" (PDF). J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 19 (4): 341–350. doi:10.1007/BF00768537. PMID 2442148.
- ^ a b Hiller S, Abramson J, Mannella C, Wagner G, Zeth K (September 2010). "The 3D structures of VDAC represent a native conformation". Trends Biochem. Sci. 35 (9): 514–21. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2010.03.005. PMC 2933295. PMID 20708406.
- ^ a b Sampson MJ, Lovell RS, Davison DB, Craigen WJ (1996). "A novel mouse mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel gene localizes to chromosome 8". Genomics. 36 (1): 192–196. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0445. PMID 8812436.
- ^ Zeth K (2010). "Structure and evolution of mitochondrial outer membrane proteins of beta-barrel topology". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1797 (6–7): 1292–9. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.04.019. PMID 20450883.
- ^ a b Blachly-Dyson, E. & Forte, M. (2001). "VDAC Channels". IUBMB Life. 52 (3–5): 113–18. doi:10.1080/15216540152845902. PMID 11798022.
- ^ a b Colombini M, Blachly-Dyson E, Forte M (1996). "VDAC, a channel in the outer mitochondrial membrane". Ion Channels. 4: 169–202. PMID 8744209.
- ^ Thomas L, Blachly-Dyson E, Colombini M, Forte M (June 1993). "Mapping of residues forming the voltage sensor of the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (12): 5446–9. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.5446T. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5446. PMC 46737. PMID 7685903.
- ^ Shoshan-Barmatz V; Gincel D. (2003). "The voltage-dependent anion channel: characterization, modulation, and role in mitochondrial function in cell life and death". Cell Biochem. Biophys. 39 (3): 279–92. doi:10.1385/CBB:39:3:279. PMID 14716081.
- ^ Lemasters JJ; Holmuhamedov E. (2006). "Voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) as mitochondrial governator--thinking outside the box". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1762 (2): 181–90. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.10.006. PMID 16307870.
- ^ Tsujimoto Y, Shimizu S (2002). "The voltage-dependent anion channel: an essential player in apoptosis". Biochimie. 84 (2–3): 187–93. doi:10.1016/S0300-9084(02)01370-6. PMID 12022949.
- ^ Zalk R; Israelson A; Garty ES; Azoulay-Zohar H; Shoshan-Barmatz V. (2005). "Oligomeric states of the voltage-dependent anion channel and cytochrome c release from mitochondria". Biochem. J. 386 (1): 73–83. doi:10.1042/BJ20041356. PMC 1134768. PMID 15456403.
- ^ Shimizu S; Narita M; Tsujimoto Y. (1999). "Bcl-2 family proteins regulate the release of apoptogenic cytochrome c by the mitochondrial channel VDAC". Nature. 399 (6735): 483–7. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..483S. doi:10.1038/20959. PMID 10365962.
- ^ Shimizu S; Matsuoka Y; Shinohara Y; Yoneda Y; Tsujimoto Y. (2001). "Essential role of voltage-dependent anion channel in various forms of apoptosis in mammalian cells". J. Cell Biol. 152 (2): 237–50. doi:10.1083/jcb.152.2.237. PMC 2199613. PMID 11266442.
- ^ Bay DC, Hafez M, Young MJ, Court DA (June 2012). "Phylogenetic and coevolutionary analysis of the β-barrel protein family comprised of mitochondrial porin (VDAC) and Tom40". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1818 (6): 1502–19. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.11.027. PMID 22178864.
- ^ Homblé F, Krammer E, Prevost M (June 2012). "Plant VDAC: facts and speculations". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1818 (6): 1486–501. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.11.028. PMID 22155681.
External links
- Voltage-Dependent+Anion+Channels at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.
Eukaryotic porin Provide feedback
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Internal database links
| SCOOP: | MDM10 |
External database links
| PROSITE: | PDOC00483 |
| Transporter classification: | 1.B.8 3.A.8 |
This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.
InterPro entry IPR027246
This entry represents both eukaryotic mitochondrial porins and Tom40 proteins.
Eukaryotic mitochondrial porins are voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC) that behave as general diffusion pores for small hydrophilic molecules [ PUBMED:8031826 , PUBMED:1384178 , PUBMED:1689252 , PUBMED:2442148 ]. The channels adopt an open conformation at low or zero membrane potential and a closed conformation at potentials above 30-40 mV. The eukaryotic mitochondrial porins are beta-barrel proteins, composed of between 12 to 16 beta-strands that span the mitochondrial outer membrane. Yeast contains two members of this family (genes POR1 and POR2); vertebrates have at least three members (genes VDAC1, VDAC2 and VDAC3) [ PUBMED:8812436 ]. They are related to the mitochondrial import receptor subunit Tom40 proteins, sharing a common evolutionary origin and structure [ PUBMED:22178864 ].
Tom40 is a mitochondrion outer membrane protein and a component of the TOM (translocator of the outer mitochondrial membrane) complex, which is essential for import of protein precursors into mitochondria [ PUBMED:10427088 ]. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TOM complex is composed of the subunits Tom70, Tom40, Tom22, Tom20, Tom7, Tom6, and Tom5 [ PUBMED:1327874 , PUBMED:9774667 ]. Tom40 is an integral membrane protein and the main structural component of the protein-conducting channel formed by the TOM complex [ PUBMED:14595396 ]. It is stabilised by other components, such as Tom5, Tom6, and Tom7 [ PUBMED:11866524 ].
Gene Ontology
The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.
| Cellular component | mitochondrial outer membrane (GO:0005741) |
| Biological process | transmembrane transport (GO:0055085) |
Domain organisation
Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...
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Pfam Clan
This family is a member of clan MBB (CL0193), which has the following description:
This clan gathers together a large set of beta barrel membrane proteins.Although these proteins have different numbers of beta strands in the barrel they have significant sequence similarity between families.
The clan contains the following 100 members:
Ail_Lom Alginate_exp Autotransporter BBP2 BBP2_2 BBP7 BCSC_C Campylo_MOMP Caps_assemb_Wzi Channel_Tsx Chlam_OMP CopB CymA DcaP DUF2219 DUF2490 DUF2715 DUF2860 DUF3078 DUF3138 DUF3187 DUF3373 DUF3573 DUF3575 DUF4421 DUF4595 DUF481 DUF5020 DUF5777 DUF5916 DUF6048 DUF6089 DUF6268 Gcw_chp HP_OMP HP_OMP_2 HpuA IAT_beta KdgM LamB Legionella_OMP Lipoprot_C LptD LptD_2 MDM10 MipA MOSP_C MSP MtrB_PioB Omp85 Omp85_2 Omp_AT OMP_b-brl OMP_b-brl_2 OMP_b-brl_3 OmpA_like OmpA_membrane Omptin OmpW Opacity OpcA OprB OprD OprF PagL PagP Phenol_MetA_deg PLA1 Pom Porin_1 Porin_10 Porin_2 Porin_3 Porin_4 Porin_5 Porin_6 Porin_7 Porin_8 Porin_O_P Porin_OmpG Porin_OmpG_1_2 Porin_OmpL1 PorP_SprF PorV ShlB SlipAM Surface_Ag_2 TbpB_B_D TbpB_C Toluene_X TonB_dep_Rec TraF_2 TSA UPF0164 Usher Usher_TcfC YadA_anchor YaiO YfaZ YjbHAlignments
We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database (reference proteomes) using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets and the UniProtKB sequence database. More...
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| Seed (68) |
Full (6725) |
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| RP15 (993) |
RP35 (2856) |
RP55 (5250) |
RP75 (7090) |
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| PP/heatmap | 1 | ||||||
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| Seed (68) |
Full (6725) |
Representative proteomes | UniProt (11229) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RP15 (993) |
RP35 (2856) |
RP55 (5250) |
RP75 (7090) |
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| Raw Stockholm | |||||||
| Gzipped | |||||||
You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.
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Trees
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Curation and family details
This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.
Curation
| Seed source: | Prodom_3211 (release 99.1) & Pfam-B__3211 (release 7.5) |
| Previous IDs: | Euk_porin; |
| Type: | Family |
| Sequence Ontology: | SO:0100021 |
| Author: |
Bateman A 
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| Number in seed: | 68 |
| Number in full: | 6725 |
| Average length of the domain: | 242.40 aa |
| Average identity of full alignment: | 23 % |
| Average coverage of the sequence by the domain: | 84.07 % |
HMM information
| HMM build commands: |
build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED
search method: hmmsearch -Z 57096847 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq
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| Model details: |
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| Model length: | 273 | ||||||||||||
| Family (HMM) version: | 24 | ||||||||||||
| Download: | download the raw HMM for this family |
Species distribution
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Colour assignments
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Eukaryota
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Structures
For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the Porin_3 domain has been found. There are 29 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein sequence.
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AlphaFold Structure Predictions
The list of proteins below match this family and have AlphaFold predicted structures. Click on the protein accession to view the predicted structure.
