Summary: Taurine catabolism dioxygenase TauD, TfdA family

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Wikipedia: TauD protein domain
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This is the Wikipedia entry entitled "TauD protein domain". More...

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TauD protein domain Edit Wikipedia article

TauD

ensemble refinement of the protein crystal structure of gene product from arabidopsis thaliana at3g21360

Identifiers

Symbol

TauD

Pfam clan

1gy9 / SUPFAM

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures / ECOD
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

In molecular biology, TauD refers to a protein domain that in many enteric bacteria is used to break down taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) as a source of sulfur under stress conditions. In essence, they are domains found in enzymes that provide bacteria with an important nutrient.

Function

This protein family consists of TauD/TfdA taurine catabolism dioxygenases. The Escherichia coli tauD gene is required for the utilization of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) as a sulfur source and is expressed only under conditions of sulfate starvation. TauD is an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase catalyzing the oxygenolytic release of sulfite from taurine.^[1] The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid/alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase from Burkholderia sp. (strain RASC) also belongs to this family.^[2] TfdA from Ralstonia eutropha (Alcaligenes eutrophus) is a 2,4-D monooxygenase.^[3]

Structure

This structure has a number of alpha helices and beta sheets. PDB structure

References

^ Eichhorn E, van der Ploeg JR, Kertesz MA, Leisinger T (September 1997). "Characterization of alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase from Escherichia coli". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (37): 23031â€“6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.37.23031. PMID 9287300.
^ Suwa Y, Wright AD, Fukimori F, Nummy KA, Hausinger RP, Holben WE, Forney LJ (July 1996). "Characterization of a chromosomally encoded 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid/alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase from Burkholderia sp. strain RASC". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62 (7): 2464â€“9. PMC 168028. PMID 8779585.
^ Streber WR, Timmis KN, Zenk MH (July 1987). "Analysis, cloning, and high-level expression of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate monooxygenase gene tfdA of Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134". J. Bacteriol. 169 (7): 2950â€“5. PMC 212332. PMID 3036764.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR003819

v t e Enzymes
Activity	Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis
Regulation	Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator
Classification	EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes
Kinetics	Enzyme kinetics Eadieâ€“Hofstee diagram Hanesâ€“Woolf plot Lineweaverâ€“Burk plot Michaelisâ€“Menten kinetics
Types	EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list)

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Taurine catabolism dioxygenase TauD, TfdA family Provide feedback

This family consists of taurine catabolism dioxygenases of the TauD, TfdA family. TauD from E. coli P37610 is a alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase [1]. This enzyme catalyses the oxygenolytic release of sulfite from taurine [1]. TfdA from Burkholderia sp. Q45423 is a 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid/alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase [2]. TfdA from Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134 P10088 is a 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate monooxygenase [3]. Also included are gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase enzymes EC:1.14.11.1 [4].

Literature references

Eichhorn E, van der Ploeg JR, Kertesz MA, Leisinger T; , J Biol Chem 1997;272:23031-23036.: Characterization of alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase from Escherichia coli. PUBMED:9287300 EPMC:9287300
Suwa Y, Wright AD, Fukimori F, Nummy KA, Hausinger RP, Holben WE, Forney LJ; , Appl Environ Microbiol 1996;62:2464-2469.: Characterization of a chromosomally encoded 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid/alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase from Burkholderia sp. strain RASC. PUBMED:8779585 EPMC:8779585
Streber WR, Timmis KN, Zenk MH; , J Bacteriol 1987;169:2950-2955.: Analysis, cloning, and high-level expression of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate monooxygenase gene tfdA of Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134. PUBMED:3036764 EPMC:3036764
Ruetschi U, Nordin I, Odelhog B, Jornvall H, Lindstedt S; , Eur J Biochem 1993;213:1075-1080.: gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase. Structural characterization of the Pseudomonas enzyme. PUBMED:8504802 EPMC:8504802

Internal database links

SCOOP:	CsiD
Similarity to PfamA using HHSearch:	CsiD

External database links

SCOP:

1gy9

This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.

InterPro entry IPR003819

This domain is found in TauD/TfdA taurine catabolism dioxygenases. The Escherichia coli tauD gene is required for the utilisation of taurine (2-aminoethanesulphonic acid) as a sulphur source and is expressed only under conditions of sulphate starvation. TauD is an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase catalysing the oxygenolytic release of sulphite from taurine [ PUBMED:9287300 ]. The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid/alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase from Burkholderia sp. (strain RASC) also belongs to this family [ PUBMED:8779585 ]. TfdA from Ralstonia eutropha (Alcaligenes eutrophus) is a 2,4-D monooxygenase [ PUBMED:3036764 ].

This domain is also found in gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (GBBH), the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of L-carnitine, a key molecule of fatty acid metabolism. The GBBH monomer consists of this catalytic double-stranded beta-helix (DBSH) domain, which is found in all 2-ketoglutarate (2KG) oxygenases, and a smaller N-terminal domain [ PUBMED:20599753 ].

Gene Ontology

The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.

Molecular function	oxidoreductase activity (GO:0016491)
Biological process	oxidation-reduction process (GO:0055114)

Domain organisation

Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...

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Pfam Clan

This family is a member of clan Cupin (CL0029), which has the following description:

This clan represents the conserved barrel domain of the 'cupin' superfamily [1] ('cupa' is the Latin term for a small barrel). The cupin fold is found in a wide variety of enzymes, but notably contains the non-enzymatic seed storage proteins also.

The clan contains the following 66 members:

2OG-Fe_Oxy_2 2OG-FeII_Oxy 2OG-FeII_Oxy_2 2OG-FeII_Oxy_3 2OG-FeII_Oxy_4 2OG-FeII_Oxy_5 3-HAO AIM24 AraC_binding AraC_binding_2 AraC_N ARD Asp_Arg_Hydrox AUDH_Cupin Auxin_BP CDO_I CENP-C_C cNMP_binding CsiD Cupin_1 Cupin_2 Cupin_3 Cupin_4 Cupin_5 Cupin_6 Cupin_7 Cupin_8 DIOX_N DMSP_lyase dTDP_sugar_isom DUF1479 DUF1971 DUF386 DUF4437 DUF4867 DUF5070 DUF6016 Ectoine_synth ERG2_Sigma1R EutQ FdtA FTO_NTD GPI HgmA HutD JmjC JmjN KduI Lyx_isomer MannoseP_isomer Ofd1_CTDD Oxygenase-NA PCO_ADO PhyH Pirin Pirin_C Pirin_C_2 PMI_typeI Popeye Pox_C4_C10 Ppnp TauD Tet_JBP Ureidogly_lyase VIT VIT_2

Alignments

We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database (reference proteomes) using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets and the UniProtKB sequence database. More...

There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. We provide several sequence viewers and a plain-text Stockholm-format file for download.

Alignment types

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family:

seed: the curated alignment from which the HMM for the family is built
full: the alignment generated by searching the sequence database using the HMM
RP15/RP35/RP55/RP75: Representative Proteomes (RPs) at 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% co-membership thresholds
UniProt: alignment generated by searching the UniProtKB sequence database using the family HMM

Viewing

You can see the alignments as HTML or in three different sequence viewers:

jalview: a Java applet developed at the University of Dundee. You will need Java installed before running jalview
HTML: an HTML page showing the whole alignment.Please note: full Pfam alignments can be very large. These HTML views are extremely large and often cause problems for browsers. Please use either jalview or the Pfam viewer if you have trouble viewing the HTML version
PP/Heatmap: an HTML-based representation of the alignment, coloured according to the posterior-probability (PP) values from the HMM. As for the standard HTML view, heatmap alignments can also be very large and slow to render.

Reformatting

You can download (or view in your browser) a text representation of a Pfam alignment in various formats:

Selex
Stockholm
FASTA
MSF

You can also change the order in which sequences are listed in the alignment, change how insertions are represented, alter the characters that are used to represent gaps in sequences and, finally, choose whether to download the alignment or to view it in your browser directly.

Downloading

You may find that large alignments cause problems for the viewers and the reformatting tool, so we also provide all alignments in Stockholm format. You can download either the plain text alignment, or a gzipped version of it.

View options

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.

	Seed (119)	Full (17976)	Representative proteomes				UniProt (63278)
	Seed (119)	Full (17976)	RP15 (2230)	RP35 (7280)	RP55 (14871)	RP75 (25830)	UniProt (63278)
Jalview	View	View	View	View	View	View	View
HTML	View
PP/heatmap	₁

¹Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available

Key: available, not generated, — not available.

Format an alignment

	Seed (119)	Full (17976)	Representative proteomes				UniProt (63278)
	Seed (119)	Full (17976)	RP15 (2230)	RP35 (7280)	RP55 (14871)	RP75 (25830)	UniProt (63278)
Alignment:
Format:
Order:	Tree Alphabetical
Sequence:	Inserts lower case All upper case
Gaps:
Download/view:	Download View

Download options

We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.

	Seed (119)	Full (17976)	Representative proteomes				UniProt (63278)
	Seed (119)	Full (17976)	RP15 (2230)	RP35 (7280)	RP55 (14871)	RP75 (25830)	UniProt (63278)
Raw Stockholm	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download
Gzipped	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download

You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.

HMM logo

HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...

Trees

This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.

Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.

Curation and family details

This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.

Curation

Seed source:

COG2175

Previous IDs:

none

Type:

Domain

Sequence Ontology:

SO:0000417

Author:

Bashton M

, Bateman A

, Mifsud W

Number in seed:

119

Number in full:

17976

Average length of the domain:

262.10 aa

Average identity of full alignment:

18 %

Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:

70.06 %

HMM information

HMM build commands:

build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED

search method: hmmsearch -Z 57096847 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq

Model details:

Parameter	Sequence	Domain
Gathering cut-off	20.8	20.8
Trusted cut-off	20.8	20.8
Noise cut-off	20.7	20.7

Model length:

268

Family (HMM) version:

18

Download:

download the raw HMM for this family

Species distribution

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Colour assignments

Archea	Eukaryota
Bacteria	Other sequences
Viruses	Unclassified
Viroids	Unclassified sequence

Selections

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This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab. More...

This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.

How the sunburst is generated

The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.

In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:

superkingdom
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Colouring and labels

Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.

As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.

Anomalies in the taxonomy tree

There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.

Missing taxonomic levels

Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.

Unmapped species names

The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.

So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".

Sub-species

Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.

Too many species/sequences

For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.

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Tree controls

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The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...

Species trees

We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.

Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.

If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.

Interactive tree

For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.

We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.

Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.

We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.

You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:

show/hide the summary boxes
highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
save a plain text representation of the tree

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Structures

For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the TauD domain has been found. There are 261 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein sequence.

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Family: TauD (PF02668)

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